[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":307},["ShallowReactive",2],{"method-bosche2014flatness":3},{"method":4,"reference":59,"equipment":77,"figures":90,"results":91},{"id":5,"label":6,"shortName":7,"title":8,"year":9,"era":10,"cluster":11,"scope":12,"keyIdeaZh":13,"keyIdeaEn":14,"fulltextStatus":15,"publicationStatus":16,"recommendation":17,"constructionRelevance":18,"validationEnvironment":19,"strengths":23,"limitations":30,"sensors":39,"platform":41,"estimator":43,"association":44,"timeModel":43,"deskew":43,"loopClosure":43,"globalOptimization":43,"mapRepresentation":45,"prior":46,"outputGeometry":47,"compute":48,"codeUrl":49,"codeLicense":43,"relatedVersions":50},"bosche2014flatness","Bosché & Guenet, 2014","TLS + BIM floor flatness control","Automating surface flatness control using terrestrial laser scanning and building information models",2014,"classic","C11b","downstream_engineering_task","作者以 Scan-vs-BIM 原理把工地 TLS 點雲對齊 BIM，並把每個點分派給對應的樓板構件，再自動套用兩種標準平整度檢查法：直尺法（Straightedge，含隨機、方格與作者新提的星形方格三種直尺配置）與依 ASTM E1155 計算 F-number（FF 平整度、FL 水平度）。系統在兩片約 25 年的混凝土實驗室樓板上，與粉筆方格加 2 m 直尺與鋼尺的人工量測比較，作者結論是 TLS 的精度足以執行標準平整度檢查，而且量測更完整、更快。論文第 2 節整理了 BS EN 13670、BS 8204、ACI 117、ASTM E1155 等容許差來源，可作為品質檢查列的需求依據。","Segments TLS points by BIM object via Scan-vs-BIM and automatically applies standard Straightedge and ASTM E1155 F-Numbers flatness control, validated against manual straightedge measurements on two concrete slabs.","full_text_reviewed","peer_reviewed_published","main_body","已完工建物中兩片約 25 年的混凝土實驗室樓板（Heriot-Watt 大學，6.40 m × 6.70 m 與 4.80 m × 8.10 m 區段），以人工直尺為獨立參考並比對合格判定；非施工中工地，也非 SLAM 點雲。是本批次紀錄中唯一具標準化判定與獨立參考的任務方法錨點；是否為全語料中唯一未經系統檢索確認（推論）。",[20,21,22],"completed_building","independent_reference","task_level_validation",[24,25,26,27,28,29],"Straightedge deviations from TLS agreed with manual measurements; mean differences 1.2 mm (SD 1.0) and 0.7 mm (SD 0.4) for the two slabs with no significant difference in a two-tailed t-test at alpha 0.05 (Fig. 12)","Using 4%, 10% or 25% of the initial point clouds did not materially change straightedge or F-Number results (Sec. 8.1.1, 8.3)","Many more straightedges than a manual survey could afford; equivalent manual Random or Grid-Star surveys estimated at about 35 h and 23 h (Sec. 8.2)","Results link to BIM objects and are repeatable by other stakeholders (Sec. 9)","With 230 straightedges each on the Acoustic Lab slab (320 each on the Drainage Lab slab), the Random and Grid-Star methods found maximum deviations of 11.3 and 11.4 mm versus 7.6 mm with Grid-Square on the Acoustic Lab slab, identifying a non-compliant area (100% global flatness tolerance 10 mm) that Grid-Square missed (Sec. 8.2, Fig. 13)","The whole TLS workflow took about 1 h 50 min and 1 h versus 3 h (17 straightedges) and 1.5 h (10 straightedges) for manual Grid-Square control (Sec. 8.1.2, Table 5)",[31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38],"Two straightedges showed notable manual-versus-TLS differences whose cause (manual or scanning error) is unclear (Sec. 8.1.1)","F-Numbers agreement with 3 m straightedge equivalences was weaker for one slab and needs further validation (Sec. 8.3, Sec. 9)","Only two aged laboratory floor slabs tested (Sec. 7.1)","Aligning TLS scans with the BIM may need user input (Sec. 3)","Scanner error figures are indicative and depend on material and incidence angle (Sec. 2.2)","(inference) Evidence is for static TLS; whether SLAM point clouds with centimetre-level noise and drift support the same decisions is untested","Half of the TLS workflow time was scanning, with high-accuracy settings about five times slower than standard settings (Sec. 8.1.2)","Grid-Square straightedges missed a non-compliant area that Random and Grid-Star detected, so a standard sparse layout can under-report defects (Sec. 8.2)",[40],"terrestrial laser scanner (FARO Focus3D)",[42],"static terrestrial (tripod)","not_applicable","Scan-vs-BIM: scans registered to the BIM model (Sec. 4 names the plane-based registration of Bosche (2012) [32], while Sec. 7.3 says the approach of Bosche (2010) [31] was used to register the scans and match the points); each TLS point matched to a BIM object and mesh facet by orthogonal-projection proximity and surface-normal similarity, object recognition from the covered surface; principle credited to Bosche and Haas (2008) [1] (Sec. 4, 5.1.1, 7.3)","point cloud matched to BIM objects","BIM model (Revit, exported as OBJ) of each room (Sec. 7.3)","per-straightedge maximum deviations (Random, Grid-Square, novel Grid-Star generation) and FF\u002FFL F-Numbers with 90% confidence intervals, linked to BIM objects (Sec. 5-6, 8)","hardware not reported; Grid-Square flatness control about 10 s; Random and Grid-Star under 15 s (Drainage Lab) and under 2 min (Acoustic Lab); Scan-vs-BIM 25 and 15 min and FARO Scene pre-processing 20 and 10 min, using 10% of the scan data (Sec. 8.1.2, 8.2, Table 5)",null,[51,55],{"relation":52,"title":53,"doi_or_url":54},"preprint","Author preprint submitted to Automation in Construction (dated 31 July 2014), hosted by the Edinburgh CyberBuild lab","https:\u002F\u002Fcyberbuild.eng.ed.ac.uk\u002Fsites\u002Fcyberbuild.eng.ed.ac.uk\u002Ffiles\u002Fpublications\u002Fjournals\u002FBosche-2014-AutoCon.pdf",{"relation":56,"title":57,"doi_or_url":58},"conference_version","Controlling Slab Flatness Automatically Using Laser Scanning and BIM (ISARC 2014)","10.22260\u002FISARC2014\u002F0110",{"id":5,"kind":60,"shortName":7,"title":8,"authors":61,"year":9,"venue":64,"venueType":65,"publisher":66,"volumeIssuePages":67,"doi":68,"arxivId":49,"url":54,"firstPublicDate":69,"publicationStatus":16,"metadataStatus":70,"fulltextStatus":15,"era":10,"classicReason":71,"codeUrl":49,"cluster":11,"topics":72,"mdpi":73,"verification":74,"label":6,"fulltextRoute":75,"versionRead":76,"addedByCensus":73},"method",[62,63],"Frédéric Bosché","Emeline Guenet","Automation in Construction","journal","Elsevier","44, 212-226","10.1016\u002Fj.autcon.2014.03.028","2014-05-10","metadata_verified","evaluation-calibration-uncertainty method: reference method that applies standard Straightedge and ASTM E1155 F-Numbers flatness control to BIM-segmented laser-scan points and validates it against manual straightedge measurement; it defines the task test any SLAM-based QA claim must meet.",[11],false,"corrected","author copy","Author preprint hosted by the Edinburgh CyberBuild lab ('Preprint submitted to Automation in Construction', dated 31 Jul 2014) read in full; version of record (Automation in Construction 44 (2014) 212-226, ScienceDirect HTML via NTU access) Sec. 7-9 and Tables 4-5 compared and found consistent",[78,84],{"category":79,"model":80,"canonical":80,"role":81,"dataset":49,"specs":82,"locator":83},"tls_scanner","FARO Focus 3D","method input","range 0.6 m to 120 m; up to 976,000 points per second; ranging systematic error +\u002F-2 mm at 10 m and 25 m; random error 0.5 mm to 2 mm at 10 m and 25 m (indicative values); scans saved as PTX with FARO Scene; high-accuracy settings made scanning about five times slower than standard","Sec. 2.2, 7.3, 8.1.2",{"category":85,"model":86,"canonical":86,"role":87,"dataset":49,"specs":88,"locator":89},"other","2 m long straightedge and precision steel rule on a chalk-line 2 m grid","reference or ground truth","manual measurement at the same straightedge positions as the Grid-Square layout","Sec. 7.2",[],{"totalRows":92,"groupCount":93,"groups":94,"others":294},39,6,[95,158,210,259],{"slug":96,"group":97,"sourceId":5,"sourceLabel":6,"table":98,"selfRows":99,"metrics":100,"seqs":109,"entrants":116,"cells":124,"outcomes":151,"locators":152,"hardware":154,"wordings":155,"notes":156},"bosche2014flatness-fig-13-tables","bosche2014flatness:Fig. 13 tables","Fig. 13 tables",12,[101,106],{"label":102,"unit":103,"statistic":104,"alignment":105},"Deviation (mm) Max.","mm","max","not_reported",{"label":107,"unit":103,"statistic":108,"alignment":105},"Deviation (mm) Mean","mean",[110,114],{"dataset":111,"sequence":112,"environment":113},"own TLS scans (FARO Focus3D)","Acoustic Lab slab 6.40 m x 6.70 m, two co-registered scans","completed building: about 25-year-old concrete laboratory floor slabs, Heriot-Watt University",{"dataset":111,"sequence":115,"environment":113},"Drainage Lab section 4.80 m x 8.10 m, one scan",[117,120,122],{"name":118,"methodId":5,"linkable":119,"proposed":119,"self":119},"Straightedge Grid-Square",true,{"name":121,"methodId":5,"linkable":119,"proposed":119,"self":119},"Straightedge Random",{"name":123,"methodId":5,"linkable":119,"proposed":119,"self":119},"Straightedge Grid-Star (proposed pattern)",[125,129,132,135,137,139,141,143,145,146,148,149],[126,126,126,127,128,126,128,128,126],0,7.6,-1,[130,126,126,131,128,126,128,128,126],1,11.3,[133,126,126,134,128,126,128,128,126],2,11.4,[126,130,126,136,128,126,128,128,126],4.4,[130,130,126,138,128,126,128,128,126],4.7,[133,130,126,140,128,126,128,128,126],4.5,[126,126,130,142,128,126,128,128,126],4.3,[130,126,130,144,128,126,128,128,126],6.6,[133,126,130,144,128,126,128,128,126],[126,130,130,147,128,126,128,128,126],3.3,[130,130,130,147,128,126,128,128,126],[133,130,130,150,128,126,128,128,126],3.5,[],[153],"Fig. 13 embedded tables (author preprint)",[],[],[157],"Maximum and mean 2 m straightedge deviations from the TLS-based system for three straightedge generation methods; Random uses as many straightedges as Grid-Star (230 Acoustic, 320 Drainage); 100% global flatness tolerance 10 mm",{"slug":159,"group":160,"sourceId":5,"sourceLabel":6,"table":161,"selfRows":162,"metrics":163,"seqs":176,"entrants":179,"cells":182,"outcomes":203,"locators":204,"hardware":206,"wordings":207,"notes":208},"bosche2014flatness-fig-12-tables","bosche2014flatness:Fig. 12 tables","Fig. 12 tables",10,[164,166,169,172,174],{"label":165,"unit":103,"statistic":108,"alignment":105},"Difference in straightedge deviation, TLS vs manual: Mean",{"label":167,"unit":103,"statistic":168,"alignment":105},"Difference in straightedge deviation, TLS vs manual: St.Dev.","std",{"label":170,"unit":171,"statistic":105,"alignment":105},"T-Test t stat.","none",{"label":173,"unit":171,"statistic":105,"alignment":105},"T-Test t crit.",{"label":175,"unit":171,"statistic":105,"alignment":105},"T-Test p-value",[177,178],{"dataset":111,"sequence":112,"environment":113},{"dataset":111,"sequence":115,"environment":113},[180],{"name":181,"methodId":5,"linkable":119,"proposed":119,"self":119},"Straightedge Grid-Square (TLS-based, Scan-vs-BIM)",[183,185,186,188,191,193,195,197,199,201],[126,126,126,184,128,126,128,128,126],1.2,[126,130,126,130,128,126,128,128,126],[126,133,126,187,128,126,128,128,126],0.57,[126,189,126,190,128,126,128,128,126],3,2.12,[126,192,126,187,128,126,128,128,126],4,[126,126,130,194,128,126,128,128,126],0.7,[126,130,130,196,128,126,128,128,126],0.4,[126,133,130,198,128,126,128,128,126],1.24,[126,189,130,200,128,126,128,128,126],2.26,[126,192,130,202,128,126,128,128,126],0.24,[],[205],"Fig. 12 embedded tables (author preprint)",[],[],[209],"Grid-Square straightedge (2 m) deviations from the TLS-based system (10% of the initial scans) compared with manual chalk-grid straightedge and steel-rule measurements; paired two-tailed t-test (alpha 0.05, unequal variance as written)",{"slug":211,"group":212,"sourceId":5,"sourceLabel":6,"table":213,"selfRows":162,"metrics":214,"seqs":228,"entrants":231,"cells":234,"outcomes":252,"locators":254,"hardware":255,"wordings":256,"notes":257},"bosche2014flatness-table-5","bosche2014flatness:Table 5","Table 5",[215,218,220,222,224,226],{"label":216,"unit":217,"statistic":105,"alignment":171},"duration: Scanning (2 x 30 min)","min",{"label":219,"unit":217,"statistic":105,"alignment":171},"duration: Scan pre-processing (Faro Scene)",{"label":221,"unit":217,"statistic":105,"alignment":171},"duration: Scan-vs-BIM",{"label":223,"unit":217,"statistic":105,"alignment":171},"duration: Flatness control (Grid-Square)",{"label":225,"unit":217,"statistic":105,"alignment":171},"duration: Total",{"label":227,"unit":217,"statistic":105,"alignment":171},"duration: Scanning",[229,230],{"dataset":111,"sequence":112,"environment":113},{"dataset":111,"sequence":115,"environment":113},[232],{"name":233,"methodId":5,"linkable":119,"proposed":119,"self":119},"TLS-based system (Scan-vs-BIM + Straightedge Grid-Square)",[235,237,239,241,242,244,247,248,250,251],[126,126,126,236,128,126,128,128,126],60,[126,130,126,238,128,126,128,128,126],20,[126,133,126,240,128,126,128,128,126],25,[126,189,126,49,126,126,128,128,126],[126,192,126,243,128,126,128,128,126],110,[126,245,130,246,128,126,128,128,126],5,30,[126,130,130,162,128,126,128,128,126],[126,133,130,249,128,126,128,128,126],15,[126,189,130,49,126,126,128,128,126],[126,192,130,236,128,126,128,128,126],[253],"upper bound only: \u003C 1 min",[213],[],[],[258],"Approximate durations of the TLS-based control procedure; processing with 10% of the original scan data; hardware not reported",{"slug":260,"group":261,"sourceId":5,"sourceLabel":6,"table":262,"selfRows":192,"metrics":263,"seqs":270,"entrants":273,"cells":278,"outcomes":287,"locators":288,"hardware":290,"wordings":291,"notes":292},"bosche2014flatness-fig-14-tables","bosche2014flatness:Fig. 14 tables","Fig. 14 tables",[264,266,268],{"label":265,"unit":171,"statistic":105,"alignment":105},"FF flatness number (13.9-17.0, 90% confidence interval)",{"label":267,"unit":103,"statistic":104,"alignment":105},"Straightedge (3 m Grid-Star) maximum deviation",{"label":269,"unit":171,"statistic":105,"alignment":105},"FF flatness number (15.7-20.1, 90% confidence interval)",[271,272],{"dataset":111,"sequence":112,"environment":113},{"dataset":111,"sequence":115,"environment":113},[274,276],{"name":275,"methodId":5,"linkable":119,"proposed":119,"self":119},"F-Numbers (ASTM E1155, TLS-based)",{"name":277,"methodId":5,"linkable":119,"proposed":119,"self":119},"Straightedge Grid-Star, 3 m",[279,281,283,285],[126,126,126,280,128,126,128,128,126],15.4,[130,130,126,282,128,126,128,128,126],10.8,[126,133,130,284,128,126,128,128,126],17.9,[130,130,130,286,128,126,128,128,126],7.4,[],[289],"Fig. 14 embedded tables (author preprint)",[],[],[293],"F-Numbers from the TLS-based ASTM E1155 implementation (10% of the initial TLS data, 90% confidence interval in brackets) compared with the maximum deviation of 3 m Grid-Star straightedges",[295,301],{"group":296,"slug":297,"sourceLabel":6,"table":298,"selfRows":133,"datasets":299},"bosche2014flatness:Text Sec. 8.2","bosche2014flatness-text-sec-8-2","Text Sec. 8.2",[300,111],"estimate",{"group":302,"slug":303,"sourceLabel":6,"table":304,"selfRows":130,"datasets":305},"bosche2014flatness:Text Sec. 8.1.2","bosche2014flatness-text-sec-8-1-2","Text Sec. 8.1.2",[306,111],"manual survey",1790510663799]