A-LOAM is a clean Eigen/Ceres re-implementation of LOAM; within this cluster F-LOAM is built on its code and Loam_livox and LiLi-OM use it as their LOAM baseline.

技術屬性

欄位內容為文獻擷取紀錄的原文用語(英文),以原文為據;「未查證」表示本研究尚未讀到該資訊,不代表該方法不具備此能力。

A-LOAM 的技術屬性
感測輸入3D spinning LiDAR only: launch files for Velodyne VLP-16, HDL-32 and HDL-64 (README examples name 'Velodyne VLP-16' and 'Velodyne HDL-64'; 'HDL-64E' is not written); no IMU subscription in the code
原文測試平台原文未報告
狀態估計LOAM-style two-stage estimation re-implemented with Eigen and Ceres Solver: scan-to-scan odometry minimising point-to-edge and point-to-plane residuals (2 Ceres solves, Huber loss 0.1) followed by scan-to-map refinement (2 outer iterations, max 4 solver iterations) (README; laserOdometry.cpp; laserMapping.cpp; lidarFactor.hpp)
資料關聯curvature-based features per scan-line segment: up to 2 sharp and 20 less-sharp edge points (curvature > 0.1) and 4 flat points (curvature < 0.1), remaining less-flat points downsampled at 0.2 m; scan-to-scan correspondences by KD-tree nearest neighbours on adjacent scan lines (distance threshold 5 m); scan-to-map uses 5 nearest map points, accepts a line when the largest eigenvalue exceeds 3 times the second and fits a plane otherwise; only 16, 32 or 64 scan lines are supported
時間表示discrete scan poses with a fixed scan period of 0.1 s; scanRegistration.cpp stores scan-line ID plus relative in-sweep time in each point's intensity field, but laserOdometry.cpp uses it only when DISTORTION is non-zero (default 0)
去畸變not applied in the default code: '#define DISTORTION 0' makes TransformToStart use the full scan-to-scan relative pose for every point (s = 1.0), and the TransformToEnd re-projection block is wrapped in 'if (0)'; no IMU input is used
迴圈閉合none: no loop-closure or place-recognition code in scanRegistration.cpp, laserOdometry.cpp or laserMapping.cpp (code inspection), consistent with Feng et al., 2025 Sec. 4.1.1
全域最佳化none (same source)
地圖表示global edge and planar feature point clouds held in a 21 x 21 x 11 array of 50 m cubes (4851 cells) re-centred around the sensor; voxel-grid downsampling with defaults 0.4 m (line) and 0.8 m (plane), 0.2 m and 0.4 m in the VLP-16 launch file
先驗資訊none
可輸出幾何odometry streams (/laser_odom_to_init at scan rate, /aft_mapped_to_init after scan-to-map refinement, /aft_mapped_to_init_high_frec), registered full-resolution cloud (/velodyne_cloud_registered), local surround map every 5 frames and full feature map every 20 frames
計算需求no hardware or runtime figures published; the code only prints per-module timing; scan-to-scan step runs 2 Ceres solves (DENSE_QR, Huber loss 0.1), scan-to-map step 2 outer iterations with at most 4 solver iterations each; launch files set mapping_skip_frame 1 (comment: mapping at 10 Hz)

使用設備

原文使用的感測器、運算硬體與載具(equipment)。型號保留原文寫法,連結到設備頁中同一型號的歸併名稱;角色依原文用途分為方法輸入、資料集感測器、執行運算平台、參考或真值量測(reference or ground truth)與比較對象設備。

原文使用的設備
類別型號(原文寫法)角色資料集原文規格出處
LiDARVelodyne VLP-16資料集感測器NSH indoor outdoor (example rosbag linked in README)16 scan lines (scan_line 16), minimum_range 0.3 m in launch file(Qin & Cao, n.d., README Sec. 3; launch/aloam_velodyne_VLP_16.launch)
LiDARVelodyne HDL-32歸入:Velodyne HDL-32E方法輸入未標示32 scan lines (scan_line 32); launch configuration only, no example data(Qin & Cao, n.d., launch/aloam_velodyne_HDL_32.launch)
LiDARVelodyne HDL-64歸入:Velodyne HDL-64E資料集感測器KITTI Odometry64 scan lines (scan_line 64), minimum_range 5 m in launch file(Qin & Cao, n.d., README Sec. 4; launch/aloam_velodyne_HDL_64.launch)

作者報告的優勢與限制

優勢

限制

營建工程相關證據

原文未報告

報告的性能數據

以下是原文作者報告的性能數值(author-reported results),不是本研究重新量測的結果。每張圖只並列同一個比較組(comparison group,同一張表、同一組實驗設定)內的方法;不同比較組之間的數值不可直接比較,也不構成排名。

本方法共出現在 31 個比較組,合計 269 筆紀錄。以下列出本方法紀錄最多的 4 組,其餘 27 組列在最後,並連到性能比較頁。

Le Gentil et al., 2021 · Table I 本方法 21 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Simulated odometry set-up, 50-run Monte Carlo, loop closure off; trajectories average 288.7 m at 4.85 m/s (max 7.35 m/s); errors on successful runs only (favours [5] in Fast); values are mean with plus-minus spread (Le Gentil et al., 2021, Table I)

Num. fails; as printed: 0,IN2LAAMA simulation (virtual room with 7 planes, VLP-16 and MTi-3 models) · Slow (avg 14.7, max 22.1 deg/s)

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Le Gentil et al., 2021 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:count;場景:simulated room

資料來源作者報告值(Le Gentil et al., 2021, Table I)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
[10] (A-LOAM implementation of LOAM)本方法0 count(Le Gentil et al., 2021, Table I)
[5] IN2LAMA (no IMU factors)0 count(Le Gentil et al., 2021, Table I)
IN2LAAMA原文提出0 count(Le Gentil et al., 2021, Table I)

Oelsch et al., 2021 · Table II 本方法 20 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Scenario 1, airplane as reference object; APE (cm) and RE (deg) against Gazebo ground truth for 2 to 35 correspondence and optimization iterations; LOAM = A-LOAM (Oelsch et al., 2021, Table II)

APE in cm, median,R-LOAM Gazebo simulated datasets · Dataset 1: VLP-16, 15111 scans, 0.35 m/s, 514 m, manual flight

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Oelsch et al., 2021 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:中位數(median);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:cm;場景:Scenario 1 (B737 in hangar, airplane as reference)

資料來源作者報告值(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table II)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
LOAM [1], #Iter 2 (def)本方法50.5 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table II)
LOAM [1], #Iter 5本方法57.7 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table II)
LOAM [1], #Iter 15本方法51.1 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table II)
LOAM [1], #Iter 25本方法30.9 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table II)
LOAM [1], #Iter 35本方法31.9 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table II)
R-LOAM, #Iter 2 (def)原文提出10.5 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table II)
R-LOAM, #Iter 5原文提出6.6 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table II)
R-LOAM, #Iter 15原文提出3.1 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table II)
R-LOAM, #Iter 25原文提出2.8 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table II)
R-LOAM, #Iter 35原文提出2 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table II)

Oelsch et al., 2021 · Table III 本方法 20 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Scenario 2, van as small reference object; APE (cm) and RE (deg) against Gazebo ground truth for 2 to 35 iterations; LOAM = A-LOAM (Oelsch et al., 2021, Table III)

APE in cm, median,R-LOAM Gazebo simulated datasets · Dataset 3: VLP-16, 9718 scans, 0.49 m/s, 474 m

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Oelsch et al., 2021 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:中位數(median);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:cm;場景:Scenario 2 (B737 in hangar, van as reference)

資料來源作者報告值(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table III)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
LOAM [1], #Iter 2 (def)本方法19 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table III)
LOAM [1], #Iter 5本方法65 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table III)
LOAM [1], #Iter 15本方法24 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table III)
LOAM [1], #Iter 25本方法23.8 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table III)
LOAM [1], #Iter 35本方法23.9 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table III)
R-LOAM, #Iter 2 (def)原文提出17.9 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table III)
R-LOAM, #Iter 5原文提出7.3 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table III)
R-LOAM, #Iter 15原文提出6.3 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table III)
R-LOAM, #Iter 25原文提出13.5 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table III)
R-LOAM, #Iter 35原文提出13.5 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table III)

Oelsch et al., 2021 · Table IV 本方法 20 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Scenario 3, Eiffel Tower as reference object; APE (cm) and RE (deg) against Gazebo ground truth for 2 to 35 iterations; LOAM = A-LOAM; authors state LOAM fails with the VLP-16 (Oelsch et al., 2021, Table IV)

APE in cm, median,R-LOAM Gazebo simulated datasets · Dataset 5: VLP-16, 5674 scans, 0.51 m/s, 291 m

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

  • 失敗

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Oelsch et al., 2021 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:中位數(median);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:cm;場景:Scenario 3 (Eiffel Tower, tower as reference)

資料來源作者報告值(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table IV)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
LOAM [1], #Iter 2 (def)本方法499.3 cm失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed (authors state LOAM fails in this scenario with a VLP-16)(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table IV)
LOAM [1], #Iter 5本方法380.2 cm失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed (authors state LOAM fails in this scenario with a VLP-16)(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table IV)
LOAM [1], #Iter 15本方法1420.9 cm失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed (authors state LOAM fails in this scenario with a VLP-16)(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table IV)
LOAM [1], #Iter 25本方法1326.4 cm失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed (authors state LOAM fails in this scenario with a VLP-16)(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table IV)
LOAM [1], #Iter 35本方法1338.5 cm失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed (authors state LOAM fails in this scenario with a VLP-16)(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table IV)
R-LOAM, #Iter 2 (def)原文提出31.5 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table IV)
R-LOAM, #Iter 5原文提出2.4 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table IV)
R-LOAM, #Iter 15原文提出0.5 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table IV)
R-LOAM, #Iter 25原文提出0.3 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table IV)
R-LOAM, #Iter 35原文提出0.3 cm(Oelsch et al., 2021, Table IV)

其他比較組

列出其餘 27 個比較組

來源

  • Qin & Cao, n.d.

    Tong Qin, Shaozu Cao(n.d.)A-LOAM: Advanced implementation of LOAM (GitHub repository HKUST-Aerial-Robotics/A-LOAM)GitHub repository (HKUST Aerial Robotics Group)

    軟體或資料集紀錄已讀全文近十年查證後修正

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