LeGO-LOAM adds ground segmentation and cluster filtering to LOAM, solves the pose in two ground-then-edge LM steps for embedded real-time use, and optionally closes loops with ICP constraints in an iSAM2 pose graph.

技術屬性

欄位內容為文獻擷取紀錄的原文用語(英文),以原文為據;「未查證」表示本研究尚未讀到該資訊,不代表該方法不具備此能力。

LeGO-LOAM 的技術屬性
感測輸入3D LiDAR (Velodyne VLP-16; HDL-64E via KITTI)、IMU (low-cost CH Robotics UM6, used only for initial guess)
原文測試平台wheeled UGV (Clearpath Jackal)、vehicle (KITTI)
狀態估計two-step Levenberg-Marquardt: ground planar features estimate [tz, roll, pitch], then edge features estimate [tx, ty, yaw]; optional pose graph optimized with iSAM2 (Sec. III-D, III-E, IV-D)
資料關聯range-image ground separation and image-based segmentation (clusters < 30 points discarded); LOAM-style roughness-based edge/planar features; label-consistent point-to-edge / point-to-plane matching (Sec. III-B to III-D)
時間表示discrete scan poses (per-scan transformation) (Sec. III)
去畸變原文未報告 in the paper (feature and matching details deferred to LOAM [20]); IMU provides the initial guess (Sec. IV-A)
迴圈閉合optional: ICP between current and earlier feature sets adds pose-graph constraints, optimized by iSAM2; used only in the KITTI seq. 00 test (Sec. III-E, IV-D)
全域最佳化optional iSAM2 pose graph (Sec. III-E, IV-D)
地圖表示per-scan edge/planar feature sets stored with sensor poses; local map assembled from sets within 100 m or the k most recent sets (Sec. III-E)
先驗資訊none (assumes presence of ground for ground-optimized steps)
可輸出幾何feature-set point cloud map and 6-DoF poses (Sec. III-E); export of full-resolution map not described in paper
計算需求CPU only on an Nvidia Jetson TX2 (ARM Cortex-A57) and a 2.5 GHz i7-4710MQ laptop; LeGO-LOAM per scan on the Jetson: segmentation 29.3 to 36.8 ms, feature extraction 6.1 to 9.9 ms, odometry 18.1 to 19.3 ms, mapping 253.3 to 278.2 ms; on the i7: 16.7 to 20.0, 2.3 to 4.4, 6.1 to 6.8 and 101.7 to 116.7 ms; LOAM extraction plus odometry exceeded 100 ms on the Jetson so scans were skipped

使用設備

原文使用的感測器、運算硬體與載具(equipment)。型號保留原文寫法,連結到設備頁中同一型號的歸併名稱;角色依原文用途分為方法輸入、資料集感測器、執行運算平台、參考或真值量測(reference or ground truth)與比較對象設備。

原文使用的設備
類別型號(原文寫法)角色資料集原文規格出處
LiDARVelodyne VLP-16方法輸入未標示16 channels; range up to 100 m, accuracy +/-3 cm; vertical FOV 30 deg (+/-15 deg), 2 deg vertical resolution; 360 deg horizontal FOV, 0.1 to 0.4 deg horizontal resolution; scan rate set to 10 Hz (0.2 deg); projected to a 1800 x 16 range image(Shan & Englot, 2018, Sec. II; Sec. III-B)
LiDARVelodyne HDL-64E資料集感測器KITTI odometry (sequence 00)360 deg horizontal FOV, 48 more channels than the VLP-16, vertical FOV 26.9 deg; downsampled to the VLP-16 range image (75% of points omitted) for real time on the Jetson(Shan & Englot, 2018, Sec. II; Sec. IV-D)
慣性量測單元(IMU)CH Robotics UM6 Orientation Sensor方法輸入未標示low-cost IMU on the Jackal; supplies the identical initial translational and rotational guess to LOAM and LeGO-LOAM(Shan & Englot, 2018, Sec. II; Sec. IV-A)
載具平台Clearpath Jackal方法輸入未標示UGV, 270 Wh lithium battery, maximum speed 2.0 m/s, maximum payload 20 kg(Shan & Englot, 2018, Sec. II; Fig. 1a)
運算硬體Nvidia Jetson TX2歸入:NVIDIA Jetson TX2執行運算平台未標示embedded device with ARM Cortex-A57 CPU; CPU only(Shan & Englot, 2018, Sec. II)
運算硬體laptop with Intel i7-4710MQ執行運算平台未標示2.5 GHz i7-4710MQ CPU, chosen to match the LOAM papers' hardware; CPU only(Shan & Englot, 2018, Sec. II)

作者報告的優勢與限制

優勢

限制

營建工程相關證據

原論文僅在校園與森林步道等室外地形測試。Feng 等人(Feng et al., 2025)在施工中醫院門診大樓與模擬工地以預設參數評估 LeGO-LOAM;作者在結論中報告其因地面點特徵與迴圈閉合而在 LiDAR-only 方法中表現最佳,實際工地 APE RMSE 為 7.97 m(Table 4);但在模擬工地中 HDL-Graph-SLAM 的 RMSE(12.12 m)略低於 LeGO-LOAM(12.33 m)(Table 3)。論文未說明實際工地 APE 所用參考軌跡的來源(全文僅描述 Gazebo 模擬的真實軌跡外掛),故實際工地 APE 只能視為作者報告值,不能當作已驗證的幾何精度。

原文驗證環境:公開基準、跨場域

報告的性能數據

以下是原文作者報告的性能數值(author-reported results),不是本研究重新量測的結果。每張圖只並列同一個比較組(comparison group,同一張表、同一組實驗設定)內的方法;不同比較組之間的數值不可直接比較,也不構成排名。

本方法共出現在 43 個比較組,合計 300 筆紀錄。以下列出本方法紀錄最多的 4 組,其餘 39 組列在最後,並連到性能比較頁。

Shan & Englot, 2018 · Table IV 本方法 24 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Runtime of each module for processing one scan, averaged over 10 real-time trials; LOAM has no segmentation module (Shan & Englot, 2018, Table IV)

runtime of segmentation module per scan,Own Jackal UGV datasets · Experiment 1

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

  • 不適用

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Shan & Englot, 2018 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:平均值(mean);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:ms;場景:Stevens campus, smooth roads, 1.09 km, 11 m elevation change

資料來源作者報告值(Shan & Englot, 2018, Table IV)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
LOAM(Nvidia Jetson TX2 (ARM Cortex-A57), CPU only)無數值不適用註記(擷取紀錄):不適用 (N/A in table)(Shan & Englot, 2018, Table IV)
LOAM(laptop, 2.5 GHz Intel i7-4710MQ, CPU only)無數值不適用註記(擷取紀錄):不適用 (N/A in table)(Shan & Englot, 2018, Table IV)
LeGO-LOAM(Nvidia Jetson TX2 (ARM Cortex-A57), CPU only)本方法原文提出29.3 ms(Shan & Englot, 2018, Table IV)
LeGO-LOAM(laptop, 2.5 GHz Intel i7-4710MQ, CPU only)本方法原文提出16.7 ms(Shan & Englot, 2018, Table IV)

Yarovoi & Cho, 2024 · Table 2 本方法 24 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Hilti 2022 handheld construction-site sequences; errors vs motion-capture GT; translation = Euclidean distance, rotation = smallest angle; RMSE and STD; mostly default parameters; * = loss of tracking (Yarovoi & Cho, 2024, Table 2)

Translation RMSE (m),Hilti SLAM Challenge Dataset 2022 · Exp04

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

  • 失敗

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Yarovoi & Cho, 2024 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:均方根誤差(RMSE);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:construction site, Schaan (Liechtenstein), indoor floor loop

資料來源作者報告值(Yarovoi & Cho, 2024, Table 2)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
Lego-LOAM (IMU)本方法3.713 m失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed (loss of tracking; value as reported)(Yarovoi & Cho, 2024, Table 2)
Lego-LOAM (no IMU)本方法2.55 m(Yarovoi & Cho, 2024, Table 2)
LIO-SAM0.167 m(Yarovoi & Cho, 2024, Table 2)
ART-SLAM odom2.755 m(Yarovoi & Cho, 2024, Table 2)
ART-SLAM final1.032 m(Yarovoi & Cho, 2024, Table 2)

Chen et al., 2022b · Table V 本方法 20 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Runtime of modules for processing one scan (ms) on KITTI 04, 06, 07, 09 and backpack K1 (Chen et al., 2022b, Table V)

Segmentation time per scan (ms),KITTI odometry · #04

這張表在此指標與資料序列只列出本方法一筆,沒有可並列的其他方法,因此不畫圖,數值與出處見下表。這是 Chen et al., 2022b 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:不適用;單位:ms;場景:vehicle, road

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
LeGO-LOAM Segmentation本方法硬體:laptop Intel i7-7700HQ 2.8 GHz, 8 GB RAM21.5 ms(Chen et al., 2022b, Table V)

Liu et al., 2026 · Table 2 (full SLAM with LC) 本方法 13 筆

指標absolute trajectory error (RMSE, centimeters)

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Hilti handheld sequences; ATE exported from the Hilti evaluation website; full SLAM with loop closure (Our (Full) adds global mapping) (Liu et al., 2026, Table 2 (full SLAM with LC))

absolute trajectory error (RMSE, centimeters),Hilti handheld sequence exp01-construction (name per Table C1) · hilti01

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Liu et al., 2026 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:均方根誤差(RMSE);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:cm;場景:construction environment (sequence named construction)

資料來源作者報告值(Liu et al., 2026, Table 2 (full SLAM with LC))

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
LeGO-LOAM本方法8.8 cm(Liu et al., 2026, Table 2)
LiLi-OM6.2 cm(Liu et al., 2026, Table 2)
LIO-SAM6.1 cm(Liu et al., 2026, Table 2)
LTA-OM1.27 cm(Liu et al., 2026, Table 2)
Our (Odom+LM+LC)原文提出0.78 cm(Liu et al., 2026, Table 2)
Our (Full)原文提出0.62 cm(Liu et al., 2026, Table 2)

其他比較組

列出其餘 39 個比較組

來源

  • Shan & Englot, 2018

    Tixiao Shan, Brendan Englot(2018)LeGO-LOAM: Lightweight and Ground-Optimized Lidar Odometry and Mapping on Variable Terrain2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 4758-4765

    同儕審查已出版已讀全文近十年查證後修正

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