An MSCKF-based LiDAR-inertial-camera odometry that fuses tracked LiDAR edge/plane features and sparse visual features with online spatio-temporal calibration of all sensors.

技術屬性

欄位內容為文獻擷取紀錄的原文用語(英文),以原文為據;「未查證」表示本研究尚未讀到該資訊,不代表該方法不具備此能力。

LIC-Fusion 的技術屬性
感測輸入3D LiDAR (Velodyne VLP-16)、IMU (Xsens MTi-300)、monochrome global-shutter camera、GNSS RTK (reference only)
原文測試平台wheeled UGV、handheld
狀態估計MSCKF whose state holds the IMU state, camera-IMU and LiDAR-IMU extrinsics with time offsets (IMU clock as reference), and sliding windows of IMU clones at camera and LiDAR times; standard EKF update after measurement compression
資料關聯LiDAR edge (high curvature) and surf (low curvature) points from scan rings tracked from the current scan to the previous scan by KD-tree nearest neighbours, giving point-to-line and point-to-plane distances with propagated covariance and chi-square Mahalanobis gating; FAST visual features tracked by KLT, triangulated from camera clones and used after MSCKF nullspace projection; all residuals compressed by Givens-rotation thin QR
時間表示discrete cloned poses; camera and LiDAR time offsets relative to the IMU clock estimated online
去畸變Not described: the full text contains no LiDAR motion-distortion compensation step; edge and surf features are taken from raw scan rings
迴圈閉合none (purely odometry, no global map; Sec. III)
全域最佳化none
地圖表示none (sliding window of cloned states; no global map maintained)
先驗資訊offline extrinsic calibration refined online
可輸出幾何trajectory only (no map product reported)
計算需求原文未報告 in the full text; the method is described as single-thread

使用設備

原文使用的感測器、運算硬體與載具(equipment)。型號保留原文寫法,連結到設備頁中同一型號的歸併名稱;角色依原文用途分為方法輸入、資料集感測器、執行運算平台、參考或真值量測(reference or ground truth)與比較對象設備。

原文使用的設備
類別型號(原文寫法)角色資料集原文規格出處
LiDARVelodyne VLP-16方法輸入self-collected indoor and outdoor sequences原文未報告(Zuo et al., 2019, Sec. III; Fig. 2)
慣性量測單元(IMU)Xsens MTi-300 AHRS IMU歸入:Xsens MTi-300方法輸入self-collected indoor and outdoor sequences原文未報告(Zuo et al., 2019, Sec. III; Fig. 2)
GNSS 接收器RTK GPS參考或真值量測self-collected outdoor sequencecentimeter-level accuracy, used as outdoor ground truth(Zuo et al., 2019, Sec. III-A)
相機Blackfly BFLY-PGE-23S6M方法輸入self-collected indoor and outdoor sequencesmonochrome global-shutter camera(Zuo et al., 2019, Sec. III; Fig. 2)
載具平台custom Ackermann robot platform方法輸入self-collected outdoor sequenceoutdoor carrier of the sensor rig(Zuo et al., 2019, Sec. III-A)
載具平台handheld sensor rig (held at chest height)方法輸入self-collected indoor sequencesindoor carrying mode(Zuo et al., 2019, Sec. III-B)

作者報告的優勢與限制

優勢

限制

營建工程相關證據

原文未報告

原文驗證環境:獨立參考量測

報告的性能數據

以下是原文作者報告的性能數值(author-reported results),不是本研究重新量測的結果。每張圖只並列同一個比較組(comparison group,同一張表、同一組實驗設定)內的方法;不同比較組之間的數值不可直接比較,也不構成排名。

本方法共出現在 4 個比較組,合計 27 筆紀錄。

Zuo et al., 2020 · Table VI 本方法 14 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Averaged ATE of 5 runs on 6 Vicon-room sequences (cluttered room, Vicon ground truth), orientation (deg) and position (m); ATE computed following Zhang and Scaramuzza [23]; '-' = translational error above 20 m. The Average column is printed by the authors (for LIO-MAP and LIC-Fusion it averages only the sequences that did not fail). (Zuo et al., 2020, Table VI)

averaged ATE, orientation (deg),Vicon Room sequences (authors' data) · Seq 1 (42.62 m)

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

  • 失敗

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Zuo et al., 2020 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:deg;場景:indoor Vicon motion-capture room (cluttered)

資料來源作者報告值(Zuo et al., 2020, Table VI)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
LIC-Fusion 2.0原文提出2.537 deg(Zuo et al., 2020, Table VI)
OpenVINS-IC2.625 deg(Zuo et al., 2020, Table VI)
Proposed-LI2.333 deg(Zuo et al., 2020, Table VI)
LOAM5.88 deg(Zuo et al., 2020, Table VI)
LIO-MAP無數值失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed(Zuo et al., 2020, Table VI)
LIC-Fusion本方法2.345 deg(Zuo et al., 2020, Table VI)

Zuo et al., 2020 · Table V 本方法 7 筆

資料集與序列Teaching Building sequences (authors' data) · Seq 1 (about 108 m)

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Averaged start-to-end drift of 5 runs on 7 teaching-building sequences (Zhejiang University) that start and end at the same position; each cell printed as a three-component vector in metres without axis labels; '-' = severe failure with final drift norm larger than 30 m. No scalar is printed, so value is null and the printed vector is kept in metric_as_written. (Zuo et al., 2020, Table V)

averaged start-to-end drift error vector as printed: (-0.740, 0.0401, 0.222) m,Teaching Building sequences (authors' data) · Seq 1 (about 108 m)

這張表在此指標與資料序列只列出本方法一筆,沒有可並列的其他方法,因此不畫圖,數值與出處見下表。這是 Zuo et al., 2020 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:平均值(mean);對齊方式:未對齊;單位:m;場景:indoor teaching building (completed building), corridors and stairs

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
LIC-Fusion本方法無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):other: three-component vector printed, no scalar reported(Zuo et al., 2020, Table V)

Zuo et al., 2019 · Table II 本方法 4 筆

指標average trajectory start-end error

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Indoor handheld sequences at chest height, normal to low light, slow to aggressive motion; no ground truth; average start-end error after returning to the start; unit not printed in the table (sequence lengths given in m) (Zuo et al., 2019, Table II)

average trajectory start-end error,self-collected indoor sequences · Indoor-A (39m)

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Zuo et al., 2019 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:平均值(mean);對齊方式:未對齊;單位:m (unit implied, not printed);場景:indoor, handheld

資料來源作者報告值(Zuo et al., 2019, Table II)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
MSCKF0.99(Zuo et al., 2019, Table II)
LIC-Fusion本方法原文提出0.98(Zuo et al., 2019, Table II)
LOAM0.66(Zuo et al., 2019, Table II)

Zuo et al., 2019 · Table I 本方法 2 筆

資料集與序列self-collected outdoor sequence · outdoor (~800 m)

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Outdoor ~800 m, 4 min sequence on an Ackermann robot with RTK GPS ground truth (centimeter level); average over 6 runs of the average ATE and its 1-sigma; alignment for the ATE not stated (Fig. 4 MSE uses a best-fit transform); LOAM output benefits from implicit loop closure through its global map (Zuo et al., 2019, Table I)

average of average absolute trajectory errors (ATE),self-collected outdoor sequence · outdoor (~800 m)

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Zuo et al., 2019 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:平均值(mean);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:outdoor, sensor rig on a custom Ackermann robot platform (about 800 m, 4 min)

資料來源作者報告值(Zuo et al., 2019, Table I)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
MSCKF10.75 m(Zuo et al., 2019, Table I)
LIC-Fusion本方法原文提出4.06 m(Zuo et al., 2019, Table I)
LOAM23.08 m(Zuo et al., 2019, Table I)

來源

  • Zuo et al., 2019

    Xingxing Zuo, Patrick Geneva, Woosik Lee, Yong Liu, Guoquan Huang(2019)LIC-Fusion: LiDAR-Inertial-Camera Odometry2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 5848-5854

    同儕審查已出版已讀全文近十年

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