LiDAR-inertial odometry without filtering or preintegration: a simple constant-acceleration IMU model provides the ICP initial guess and deskew, and an adaptive IMU-based orientation regularizer is added to scan-to-map ICP, run with one configuration across platforms.

技術屬性

欄位內容為文獻擷取紀錄的原文用語(英文),以原文為據;「未查證」表示本研究尚未讀到該資訊,不代表該方法不具備此能力。

RKO-LIO 的技術屬性
感測輸入3D LiDAR、IMU (consumer to industrial grade)
原文測試平台vehicle (own car, HeLiPR)、backpack (Oxford Spires, DigiForests)、legged (Unitree Go1)、UAV (DJI M210 v2, DRZ Living Lab)、tree-harvesting machine (qualitative, Fig. 1)
狀態估計No filter or factor graph for the pose: IMU samples between two scans are bias- and gravity-compensated, averaged, and integrated with a constant linear acceleration and angular velocity model to give the ICP initial guess and per-point deskew; scan-to-map point-to-point ICP adds an accelerometer-based orientation cost weighted by 1/beta, with beta = beta0 (1 + sigma_a^2) and beta0 = 200, where body acceleration comes from a small Kalman filter with maximum expected jerk 3 m/s3; biases assumed constant and estimated from the first inter-scan interval
資料關聯Scan-to-map ICP building on the KISS-ICP scan-alignment module: point-to-point residuals with a fixed association threshold of 0.5 m in a VDB voxel map (1.0 m voxels), double downsampling at 0.5 v for map update and 1.5 v for registration (optional off switch for sparse LiDARs), points within 1 m of the sensor clipped
時間表示discrete poses with per-point deskew from IMU-derived relative transforms
去畸變per-point transform from IMU-based motion between LiDAR frames (Sec. III-B)
迴圈閉合none
全域最佳化none
地圖表示VDB voxel grid (voxel size 1.0 m) storing a fixed number of points per voxel; double downsampling
先驗資訊none
可輸出幾何odometry and local voxel map; export format 原文未報告
計算需求原文未報告: no hardware or per-scan timings are given; the authors only state that the system runs faster than the sensor frame rate on all presented datasets

使用設備

原文使用的感測器、運算硬體與載具(equipment)。型號保留原文寫法,連結到設備頁中同一型號的歸併名稱;角色依原文用途分為方法輸入、資料集感測器、執行運算平台、參考或真值量測(reference or ground truth)與比較對象設備。

原文使用的設備
類別型號(原文寫法)角色資料集原文規格出處
LiDARHesai QT64資料集感測器Oxford Spiresbackpack-mounted(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A; Fig. 1)
LiDARVelodyne VLP-16資料集感測器Leg-KILO dataseton a Unitree Go1 quadruped(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A; Fig. 1)
LiDARAeva Aeries II資料集感測器HeLiPRlow field-of-view solid-state LiDAR, one of four LiDARs in the dataset(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A; Sec. IV-B)
LiDARLivox Avia資料集感測器HeLiPRnon-repetitive scan pattern(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A)
LiDARHesai XT32, QT32 and QT64 (different sessions)資料集感測器DigiForestsbackpack sensor rig; LiDAR inclined 45 deg in the first season(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A; Sec. IV-B)
LiDAROuster OS-0歸入:Ouster OS0資料集感測器DRZ Living Labmounted on a drone(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A)
LiDAROS1-128歸入:Ouster OS1-128方法輸入own car datasetcar-mounted(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A; Fig. 1)
LiDARHesai XT32歸入:Hesai XT-32方法輸入未標示on a tree-harvesting machine (qualitative example only)(Malladi et al., 2026, Fig. 1)
地面雷射掃描儀(TLS)terrestrial laser-scanning map (scanner model not reported)參考或真值量測Oxford Spireseach undistorted scan registered to the TLS map to compute ground truth(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A)
慣性量測單元(IMU)cellphone-grade IMU (Fig. 1 caption names an Alphasense IMU)資料集感測器Oxford Spires400 Hz(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A; Fig. 1)
慣性量測單元(IMU)onboard IMU of Unitree Go1資料集感測器Leg-KILO dataset500 Hz(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A)
慣性量測單元(IMU)Xsens MTi-300資料集感測器HeLiPR100 Hz(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A)
慣性量測單元(IMU)built-in InvenSense IMU of the LiDAR方法輸入own car dataset100 Hz(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A; Fig. 1)
慣性量測單元(IMU)Xsens MTi-100方法輸入未標示on a tree-harvesting machine (qualitative example only)(Malladi et al., 2026, Fig. 1)
GNSS 接收器RTK-GPS INS based system參考或真值量測HeLiPRground truth trajectories for each sensor(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A)
GNSS 接收器SBG Ellipse-D GNSS-INS參考或真值量測own car datasetreference poses from offline LiDAR bundle adjustment incorporating RTK-GPS(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A)
載具平台Unitree Go1 quadruped資料集感測器Leg-KILO datasetindoor sequences, one parking lot and one running sequence(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A)
載具平台DJI M210 v2資料集感測器DRZ Living Labdrone platform(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A)
其他motion capture system參考或真值量測DRZ Living Labground truth for nine sequences(Malladi et al., 2026, Sec. IV-A)

作者報告的優勢與限制

優勢

限制

營建工程相關證據

Oxford Spires 以背包式 LiDAR 在大學校園室內外錄製,地面真值由逐掃描對準地面雷射掃描(TLS)地圖產生,屬既有建築情境;未於施工現場測試。

原文驗證環境:公開基準、獨立參考量測、已完工建築

報告的性能數據

以下是原文作者報告的性能數值(author-reported results),不是本研究重新量測的結果。每張圖只並列同一個比較組(comparison group,同一張表、同一組實驗設定)內的方法;不同比較組之間的數值不可直接比較,也不構成排名。

本方法共出現在 5 個比較組,合計 39 筆紀錄。以下列出本方法紀錄最多的 4 組,其餘 1 組列在最後,並連到性能比較頁。

Malladi et al., 2026 · Table II 本方法 15 筆

指標ATE (m)

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Own car sequences (OS1-128 with built-in InvenSense IMU; Forest 20 km, Rural 52 km); reference by offline LiDAR bundle adjustment with RTK-GPS; ATE only transcribed; ablation rows no-AVG no-AR and no-AR disable IMU averaging and adaptive regularization; dash means failure to run (Malladi et al., 2026, Table II)

ATE (m),own car dataset · Urban

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Malladi et al., 2026 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:urban city

資料來源作者報告值(Malladi et al., 2026, Table II)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
KISS-ICP8.17 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table II)
DLIO4.94 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table II)
FAST-LIO23.53 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table II)
Ours (RKO-LIO)本方法原文提出3.52 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table II)
Ours, no-AVG, no-AR (ablation)本方法4.16 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table II)
Ours, no-AR (ablation)本方法5 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table II)

Malladi et al., 2026 · Table I 本方法 10 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Oxford Spires backpack (Hesai QT64); ground truth by registering undistorted scans to a TLS map; averages over all sequences of each scene; odometry without loop closure except the VILENS-SLAM reference; initialization disabled because sequences start in motion (Malladi et al., 2026, Table I)

ATE (m), averaged over sequences of each scene,Oxford Spires · Blenheim

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Malladi et al., 2026 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:university campus and college buildings, outdoor and indoor, backpack

資料來源作者報告值(Malladi et al., 2026, Table I)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
KISS-ICP1.16 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table I)
DLIO11.35 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table I)
FAST-LIO20.94 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table I)
Ours (RKO-LIO)本方法原文提出0.2 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table I)
VILENS-SLAM (SLAM reference, results from Tao et al.)0.56 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table I)

Malladi et al., 2026 · Table III 本方法 6 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Leg-KILO dataset, Unitree Go1 quadruped with VLP-16 and 500 Hz IMU; Indoor ground truth from a prior map, others from offline optimization with loop closures; Leg-KILO also uses leg kinematics (Malladi et al., 2026, Table III)

ATE (m),Leg-KILO dataset · Corridor

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Malladi et al., 2026 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:indoor corridor

資料來源作者報告值(Malladi et al., 2026, Table III)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
KISS-ICP10.59 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table III)
DLIO2.7 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table III)
FAST-LIO20.28 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table III)
Leg-KILO0.17 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table III)
Ours (RKO-LIO)本方法原文提出0.22 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table III)

Malladi et al., 2026 · Table IV 本方法 6 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):DigiForests backpack sessions (Hesai XT32, QT32, QT64; LiDAR inclined 45 deg in the first season); reference trajectories from offline VILENS with GNSS and loop closures; averages per season; dash means failure on at least one sequence of that season (Malladi et al., 2026, Table IV)

ATE (m), season average,DigiForests · 2023-03

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

  • 失敗

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Malladi et al., 2026 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:dense forest, backpack

資料來源作者報告值(Malladi et al., 2026, Table IV)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
KISS-ICP無數值失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed on at least one sequence of the recording period (dash)(Malladi et al., 2026, Table IV)
DLIO0.27 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table IV)
FAST-LIO2無數值失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed on at least one sequence of the recording period (dash)(Malladi et al., 2026, Table IV)
Ours (RKO-LIO)本方法原文提出0.18 m(Malladi et al., 2026, Table IV)

其他比較組

列出其餘 1 個比較組

來源

  • Malladi et al., 2026

    Meher V. R. Malladi, Tiziano Guadagnino, Luca Lobefaro, Cyrill Stachniss(2026)Robust Approach for LiDAR-Inertial Odometry Without Sensor-Specific ModelingIEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 11(6):7420-7427

    同儕審查已出版已讀全文近十年

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