ROS and ROS 2 2D laser pose-graph SLAM built on Open Karto with Ceres optimization, serialization of raw scans and pose graph for multi-session mapping, manual graph editing, map merging and rolling-buffer pure localization.

技術屬性

欄位內容為文獻擷取紀錄的原文用語(英文),以原文為據;「未查證」表示本研究尚未讀到該資訊,不代表該方法不具備此能力。

SLAM Toolbox 的技術屬性
感測輸入laser scanner (paper); planar 2D scans per the repository README, which the paper itself does not state、wheel or other odometry supplied as the odom-to-base transform (repository README; not stated in the paper)
原文測試平台wheeled mobile robots (deployment list only; no controlled experiment is reported)
狀態估計graph-based SLAM derived from Open Karto; the provided Sparse Bundle Adjustment optimization interface was replaced by Google Ceres behind a run-time dynamically loaded optimizer plugin interface (Features)
資料關聯Open Karto measurement matching, restructured for about a 10x speed-up and multi-threading; new processing modes and K-D tree search for localization and multi-session mapping (Features); the matching algorithm itself is not described
時間表示discrete poses
去畸變原文未報告
迴圈閉合loop closures inside the pose graph, including between separate mapping sessions (Fig. 3); detection method not described in the paper
全域最佳化pose-graph optimization with Ceres through an optimizer plugin (Features)
地圖表示pose graph with the complete raw scan data serialized (not submaps as in Cartographer); 2D maps rendered for navigation (Figs. 1, 3)
先驗資訊optional prior session(s): a deserialized pose graph and scans for multi-session mapping or pure localization
可輸出幾何2D map for navigation and localization; serialized pose graph and raw scans
計算需求real time on mobile Intel CPUs typical of mobile robots; spaces well in excess of 100,000 ft2 and up to 24,000 m2 (250,000 ft2) mapped in real time (Summary; Features)

使用設備

原文使用的感測器、運算硬體與載具(equipment)。型號保留原文寫法,連結到設備頁中同一型號的歸併名稱;角色依原文用途分為方法輸入、資料集感測器、執行運算平台、參考或真值量測(reference or ground truth)與比較對象設備。

原文使用的設備
類別型號(原文寫法)角色資料集原文規格出處
LiDARlaser scanner (model not reported)方法輸入未標示laser scans are the mapping input (scan matching, pose-graph nodes, manual scan-to-map matching in Fig. 2); 2D per the repository README, not stated in the paper(Macenski & Jambrecic, 2021, Summary; Features; Fig. 2)
運算硬體mobile Intel CPUs typically found on robots (models not reported)執行運算平台未標示real-time mapping of spaces well over 100,000 ft2(Macenski & Jambrecic, 2021, Features)

論文圖片

只收錄原文以開放授權(open license)釋出的圖片,並依授權條件標示出處、圖號、授權與修改方式。

作者報告的優勢與限制

優勢

限制

營建工程相關證據

未在營建場域驗證,論文也沒有定量精度評估。作者以零售賣場、倉庫與大型辦公建築為目標,並報告即時繪製達 24,000 m2 的空間(Summary);多次作業建圖與手動修正位姿圖的功能,與大型建築室內分區、分次掃描後整合平面地圖的需求相關(推論)。GitHub README 另稱曾以同步模式繪製 200,000 平方英尺的建築,這屬軟體說明,並非同儕審查的結果。

原文驗證環境:已完工建築

報告的性能數據

以下是原文作者報告的性能數值(author-reported results),不是本研究重新量測的結果。每張圖只並列同一個比較組(comparison group,同一張表、同一組實驗設定)內的方法;不同比較組之間的數值不可直接比較,也不構成排名。

本方法共出現在 1 個比較組,合計 2 筆紀錄。

Macenski & Jambrecic, 2021 · Text Summary and Features 本方法 2 筆

資料集與序列不適用 (deployments) · largest mapped space

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Scale and speed statements without a controlled benchmark (Macenski & Jambrecic, 2021, Text Summary and Features)

area mapped in real time by non-expert technicians,不適用 (deployments) · largest mapped space

這張表在此指標與資料序列只列出本方法一筆,沒有可並列的其他方法,因此不畫圖,數值與出處見下表。這是 Macenski & Jambrecic, 2021 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:最大值(max);對齊方式:不適用;單位:m2;場景:retail and warehouse type indoor spaces

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
SLAM Toolbox本方法原文提出硬體:not reported24000 m2(Macenski & Jambrecic, 2021, Summary)

來源

  • Macenski & Jambrecic, 2021

    Steve Macenski, Ivona Jambrecic(2021)SLAM Toolbox: SLAM for the dynamic worldJournal of Open Source Software, 6(61):2783

    同儕審查已出版已讀全文近十年查證後修正

回到方法圖鑑

選擇開啟Esc關閉