Aligns LiDAR scans directly to a 3D Gaussian map through covariance for tracking, with conditional constraints for Gaussians outside LiDAR coverage.

技術屬性

欄位內容為文獻擷取紀錄的原文用語(英文),以原文為據;「未查證」表示本研究尚未讀到該資訊,不代表該方法不具備此能力。

LiV-GS 的技術屬性
感測輸入3D LiDAR (Livox Horizon in NTU4DRadLM; Livox Avia in R3LIVE hku_park_00)、monocular camera (640 x 480 in NTU4DRadLM; 1280 x 1024 at 30 Hz in hku_park_00)
原文測試平台handheld、vehicle
狀態估計frame-to-map alignment of LiDAR points to Gaussians through shared covariance/normal attributes; sliding-window back-end pose and map optimization
資料關聯point-to-Gaussian (covariance-based plane) matching
時間表示discrete poses
去畸變不適用
迴圈閉合none (authors state LiV-GS lacks loop closure detection)
全域最佳化none
地圖表示3D Gaussians with normal-aware loss and conditional Gaussian constraints outside the LiDAR field of view
先驗資訊none (IMU not used)
可輸出幾何Gaussian map and renderings; geometry accuracy assessed only qualitatively via cross-modal radar relocalization
計算需求7.98 FPS overall on a desktop with an NVIDIA RTX 4090 GPU; front-end tracking and keyframe selection 0.07 ms, pose optimization 0.04 ms (five keyframes) and map update 0.09 ms per operation, with asynchronous modules; IMU not used

使用設備

原文使用的感測器、運算硬體與載具(equipment)。型號保留原文寫法,連結到設備頁中同一型號的歸併名稱;角色依原文用途分為方法輸入、資料集感測器、執行運算平台、參考或真值量測(reference or ground truth)與比較對象設備。

原文使用的設備
類別型號(原文寫法)角色資料集原文規格出處
LiDARLivox-Horizon (as written)歸入:Livox Horizon資料集感測器NTU4DRadLM10 Hz(Xiao et al., 2025, Sec. IV-B)
LiDARLivox-Avia (as written)歸入:Livox Avia資料集感測器R3LIVE dataset (hku_park_00)10 Hz; handheld scanning(Xiao et al., 2025, Sec. IV-G)
相機monocular camera (model not reported)資料集感測器NTU4DRadLM640 x 480(Xiao et al., 2025, Sec. IV-B)
相機camera of the R3LIVE handheld device (model not reported)資料集感測器R3LIVE dataset (hku_park_00)1280 x 1024 at 30 Hz(Xiao et al., 2025, Sec. IV-G)
雷達Eagle Ocuill G7 (as written)歸入:Eagle Ocuill G7資料集感測器NTU4DRadLM4D millimeter-wave radar; used only for cross-modal relocalization on the Gaussian map(Xiao et al., 2025, Sec. IV-B; Sec. IV-F)
載具平台human-driven vehicle platform資料集感測器NTU4DRadLMused for the high-speed loop2 sequence(Xiao et al., 2025, Sec. IV-B)
運算硬體NVIDIA RTX 4090 GPU執行運算平台未標示desktop; all compared algorithms run on it(Xiao et al., 2025, Sec. IV-A)

作者報告的優勢與限制

優勢

限制

營建工程相關證據

論文未在營建場域測試;資料為 NTU4DRadLM 與 R3LIVE hku park 序列。

原文驗證環境:公開基準

報告的性能數據

以下是原文作者報告的性能數值(author-reported results),不是本研究重新量測的結果。每張圖只並列同一個比較組(comparison group,同一張表、同一組實驗設定)內的方法;不同比較組之間的數值不可直接比較,也不構成排名。

本方法共出現在 4 個比較組,合計 29 筆紀錄。

Xiao et al., 2025 · Table II 本方法 18 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Tracking accuracy with rpg trajectory evaluation: t_rel = average translational RMSE drift (%), r_rel = average rotational RMSE drift (deg/100 m), t_abs = ATE RMSE (m); reference trajectories from R3LIVE (not an independent measurement); alignment not stated; IMU not used by LiV-GS; '-' entries reported without explanation (text says indoor-oriented 3DGS SLAM methods degrade or fail on some outdoor sequences) (Xiao et al., 2025, Table II)

t_rel (average translational RMSE drift),NTU4DRadLM · cp

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

  • 未報告(沒有數值,不是 0)

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Xiao et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:均方根誤差(RMSE);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:%;場景:outdoor, low-speed segment (cp about 230 m; garden and nyl segments at least 220 m each), Livox Horizon

資料來源作者報告值(Xiao et al., 2025, Table II)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
NeRF-LOAM2.943%(Xiao et al., 2025, Table II)
HDL-graph-SLAM1.264%(Xiao et al., 2025, Table II)
ORB-SLAM31.356%(Xiao et al., 2025, Table II)
SplaTAM無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):not reported ('-' in table)(Xiao et al., 2025, Table II)
MonoGS4.171%(Xiao et al., 2025, Table II)
Gaussian-SLAM1.249%(Xiao et al., 2025, Table II)
GS-ICP-SLAM5.471%(Xiao et al., 2025, Table II)
Ours本方法原文提出0.234%(Xiao et al., 2025, Table II)

Xie et al., 2025 · ICCV Supp. Table 4 本方法 4 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Rendering comparison with LiV-GS on sequences cp and nyl2; LiV-GS values copied from its preprint (marked *), GS-LIVM values from the authors' runs; dataset not named in GS-LIVM (the sequence names match NTU4DRadLM segments in LiV-GS); added by second checker from the ICCV supplement (Xie et al., 2025, ICCV Supp. Table 4)

PSNR,not stated · cp

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Xie et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:未對齊;單位:dB;場景:not stated

資料來源作者報告值(Xie et al., 2025, ICCV Supp. Table 4)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
LiV-GS* (preprint result)本方法22.27 dB(Xie et al., 2025, ICCV Supp. Table 4)
Ours原文提出23.54 dB(Xie et al., 2025, ICCV Supp. Table 4)

Xiao et al., 2025 · Text Sec. IV-E 本方法 4 筆

資料集與序列not stated (Fig. 7 relates runtime to the NTU4DRadLM accuracy and rendering results, but the runtime data are not attributed to a dataset) · not stated

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):System throughput (processed frames divided by total time) and mean per-operation module runtimes; modules run asynchronously (Xiao et al., 2025, Text Sec. IV-E)

FPS (depth maps and RGB images processed per second),not stated (Fig. 7 relates runtime to the NTU4DRadLM accuracy and rendering results, but the runtime data are not attributed to a dataset) · not stated

這張表在此指標與資料序列只列出本方法一筆,沒有可並列的其他方法,因此不畫圖,數值與出處見下表。這是 Xiao et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:平均值(mean);對齊方式:未對齊;單位:fps;場景:not stated

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
Ours本方法原文提出硬體:desktop with NVIDIA RTX 4090 GPU7.98 fps(Xiao et al., 2025, Abstract; Sec. IV-E; Fig. 7)

Xiao et al., 2025 · Table IV 本方法 3 筆

資料集與序列R3LIVE dataset · hku_park_00 (closed-loop segment)

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Closed-loop test on a segment of R3LIVE hku_park_00 (handheld, Livox Avia 10 Hz, 1280 x 1024 images at 30 Hz); same metrics as Table II; LiV-GS has no loop closure detection (Xiao et al., 2025, Table IV)

t_rel (average translational RMSE drift),R3LIVE dataset · hku_park_00 (closed-loop segment)

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

  • 未報告(沒有數值,不是 0)

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Xiao et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:均方根誤差(RMSE);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:%;場景:closed-loop segment of the R3LIVE handheld scanning sequence hku_park_00 (environment not described beyond the sequence name)

資料來源作者報告值(Xiao et al., 2025, Table IV)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
NeRF-LOAM0.518%(Xiao et al., 2025, Table IV)
HDL-graph-SLAM0.497%(Xiao et al., 2025, Table IV)
ORB-SLAM30.446%(Xiao et al., 2025, Table IV)
SplaTAM無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):not reported ('-' in table)(Xiao et al., 2025, Table IV)
MonoGS0.535%(Xiao et al., 2025, Table IV)
Gaussian-SLAM1.456%(Xiao et al., 2025, Table IV)
GS-ICP-SLAM無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):not reported ('-' in table)(Xiao et al., 2025, Table IV)
Ours本方法原文提出0.436%(Xiao et al., 2025, Table IV)

來源

  • Xiao et al., 2025

    Renxiang Xiao, Wei Liu, Yushuai Chen, Liang Hu(2025)LiV-GS: LiDAR-Vision Integration for 3D Gaussian Splatting SLAM in Outdoor EnvironmentsIEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 10(1), 421-428

    同儕審查已出版已讀全文近十年查證後修正

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