A lightweight FAST-LIVO2 variant with degeneration-aware adaptive visual frame selection and a compact local plus long-term visual map for ARM edge devices.

技術屬性

欄位內容為文獻擷取紀錄的原文用語(英文),以原文為據;「未查證」表示本研究尚未讀到該資訊,不代表該方法不具備此能力。

FAST-LIVO2 on Resource-Constrained Platforms 的技術屬性
感測輸入3D LiDAR (Hilti dataset LiDARs、Livox Mid-360 on the authors' rig、a small-FoV AVIA LiDAR, written 'Aivia' in Sec. V-D2, in the degeneration-detection test of Fig. 9, sequence not named) | IMU | camera (B/W fisheye on the authors' rig) | 15 W onboard illuminator for extremely dark scenes
原文測試平台handheld | ground robot (Hilti robot-mounted sequences、type 未查證) | aerial dataset (MARS-LVIG HKIsland03 map ablation) | ARM real-time tests in an underground parking lot and a nighttime street (carrying mode not stated)
狀態估計ESIKF with sequential updates (from FAST-LIVO2) plus a LiDAR-degeneration-aware adaptive visual frame selector
資料關聯LiDAR point-to-plane and patch photometric errors as in FAST-LIVO2; images used only when LiDAR constraints are weak or keyframe criteria met
時間表示discrete poses; scan recombination (Sec. III)
去畸變Uses undistorted points of recombined scans (scan recombination); the undistortion step itself is inherited from FAST-LIVO2 and not re-described
迴圈閉合none reported
全域最佳化none
地圖表示Compact unified local visual-LiDAR voxel map (hash of 0.5 m root voxels with three-level octrees; typical edge 200 m, slid every 20 m of motion) plus a sparse long-term visual map (edge 800 m, slid every 100 m) that keeps visual points leaving the local map
先驗資訊none
可輸出幾何sharp point cloud maps and colored point clouds (Sec. V-C1; Fig. 10)
計算需求Hilti mean per-frame time 25.99 ms on the x86 laptop (13th Gen Intel Core i9-13900HX) versus 35.66 ms for FAST-LIVO2, and 57.82 ms on the RK3588 board (4x Cortex-A76 + 4x Cortex-A55, up to 2.4 GHz, about 100 USD, CPU only) versus 75.87 ms; about 37 ms per frame in the onboard ARM tests; mean memory 1.7 GB versus 2.5 GB on Hilti

使用設備

原文使用的感測器、運算硬體與載具(equipment)。型號保留原文寫法,連結到設備頁中同一型號的歸併名稱;角色依原文用途分為方法輸入、資料集感測器、執行運算平台、參考或真值量測(reference or ground truth)與比較對象設備。

原文使用的設備
類別型號(原文寫法)角色資料集原文規格出處
LiDARLivox Mid-360歸入:Livox MID-360方法輸入private dataset原文未報告(Zhou et al., 2025, Sec. V-A2; Fig. 5)
LiDARAVIA (written 'Aivia' in Sec. V-D2)歸入:Livox Avia資料集感測器unnamed LiDAR-degeneration test sequence of Fig. 9 (dataset not stated)small-FoV LiDAR, facing a wall in the degeneration test(Zhou et al., 2025, Sec. IV-A2; Sec. V-D2; Fig. 9)
GNSS 接收器RTK參考或真值量測MARS-LVIG HKIsland03RTK trajectory used as ground truth(Zhou et al., 2025, Sec. V-E1)
相機B/W camera with a fisheye lens方法輸入private datasetequidistant projection model(Zhou et al., 2025, Sec. V-A2, V-A3)
運算硬體13th Gen Intel Core i9-13900HX (personal laptop)執行運算平台未標示x86 platform(Zhou et al., 2025, Sec. V-A3)
運算硬體RK3588執行運算平台未標示octa-core 4x Cortex-A76 + 4x Cortex-A55, max 2.4 GHz, about 100 USD; CPU only(Zhou et al., 2025, Sec. V-A3; Fig. 1)
其他STM32 microcontroller資料集感測器private datasethardware synchronization of LiDAR and camera(Zhou et al., 2025, Sec. V-A2)
其他onboard illuminator資料集感測器private dataset15 W, used in extremely dark environments(Zhou et al., 2025, Sec. V-A2)
其他Hilti handheld and robot-mounted rigs (LiDAR, cameras, IMUs; models not stated in this paper)資料集感測器Hilti'22 and Hilti'23sensors at different frequencies(Zhou et al., 2025, Sec. V-A1)

作者報告的優勢與限制

優勢

限制

營建工程相關證據

作者以 Hilti 2022 與 2023 共 16 個序列評估軌跡精度,論文描述其場景含營建工地、辦公室與地下室,並使用 Hilti 官方評估工具。Hilti 2022 三個工地序列的 RMSE 為 Construction Ground 0.010 m、Construction Multilevel 0.023 m、Construction Stairs 0.170 m,其中樓梯序列明顯遜於 FAST-LIVO2 的 0.016 m。另在礦坑隧道與地下停車場做定性測試。證據屬軌跡層級,未報告點雲幾何精度。

原文驗證環境:公開基準、施工中工地、地下或隧道、獨立參考量測

報告的性能數據

以下是原文作者報告的性能數值(author-reported results),不是本研究重新量測的結果。每張圖只並列同一個比較組(comparison group,同一張表、同一組實驗設定)內的方法;不同比較組之間的數值不可直接比較,也不構成排名。

本方法共出現在 6 個比較組,合計 30 筆紀錄。以下列出本方法紀錄最多的 4 組,其餘 2 組列在最後,並連到性能比較頁。

Zhou et al., 2025 · Table I 本方法 17 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):ATE RMSE on 16 Hilti'22 and Hilti'23 sequences computed with the official Hilti evaluation tools; parameters of all methods tuned by the authors; x = system totally failed (Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)

ATE (RMSE),Hilti'22 · Construction Ground

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

  • 失敗

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Zhou et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:均方根誤差(RMSE);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:construction site

資料來源作者報告值(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
Ours本方法原文提出0.01 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
FAST-LIVO20.01 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
FAST-LIO20.013 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
FAST-LIVO0.022 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
R3LIVE0.021 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
SDV-LOAM25.121 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
LVI-SAM無數值失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed (x)(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)

Zhou et al., 2025 · Table II 本方法 6 筆

資料集與序列Hilti'22 and Hilti'23 · mean over 16 sequences

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Mean per-frame time over the 16 Hilti sequences, standard error given in metric_as_written; ARM runtime measured on CPU only (Zhou et al., 2025, Table II)

LiDAR Part time, mean (standard error 5.35 ms),Hilti'22 and Hilti'23 · mean over 16 sequences

這張表在此指標與資料序列只列出本方法一筆,沒有可並列的其他方法,因此不畫圖,數值與出處見下表。這是 Zhou et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:平均值(mean);對齊方式:不適用;單位:ms;場景:construction sites, offices, basements

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
Ours本方法原文提出硬體:RK3588 (4x Cortex-A76 + 4x Cortex-A55, up to 2.4 GHz), CPU only53.83 ms(Zhou et al., 2025, Table II)

Zhou et al., 2025 · Table III 本方法 4 筆

指標memory usage

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Memory usage on the x86 laptop; only the three Hilti'22 construction sequences and the Average row kept for the row cap (Zhou et al., 2025, Table III)

memory usage,Hilti'22 · Construction Ground

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Zhou et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:不適用;單位:GB;場景:construction site

資料來源作者報告值(Zhou et al., 2025, Table III)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
Ours本方法原文提出硬體:laptop, 13th Gen Intel Core i9-13900HX3 GB(Zhou et al., 2025, Table III)
FAST-LIVO2硬體:laptop, 13th Gen Intel Core i9-13900HX4.1 GB(Zhou et al., 2025, Table III)

Zhou et al., 2025 · Text Sec.V-C1 本方法 1 筆

指標return-to-origin drift

資料集與序列private sequences · Mining Tunnel, Dark Woods, Wild Park, HIT Graffiti Wall, HW Corridor and others

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Return-to-origin drift on private sequences that physically return to the start; value is an upper bound (Zhou et al., 2025, Text Sec.V-C1)

return-to-origin drift,private sequences · Mining Tunnel, Dark Woods, Wild Park, HIT Graffiti Wall, HW Corridor and others

這張表在此指標與資料序列只列出本方法一筆,沒有可並列的其他方法,因此不畫圖,數值與出處見下表。這是 Zhou et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:未對齊;單位:m;場景:mining tunnel, dark woods, park, corridors

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
Ours本方法原文提出0.02 m僅報告範圍註記(擷取紀錄):reported as less than 2 cm (upper bound)(Zhou et al., 2025, Sec. V-C1; Fig. 6)

其他比較組

列出其餘 2 個比較組

來源

  • Zhou et al., 2025

    Bingyang Zhou, Chunran Zheng, Ziming Wang, Fangcheng Zhu, Yixi Cai, Fu Zhang(2025)FAST-LIVO2 on Resource-Constrained Platforms: LiDAR-Inertial-Visual Odometry With Efficient Memory and ComputationIEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 10(8): 7931-7938

    同儕審查已出版已讀全文近十年查證後修正

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