A sparse-direct LIVO that reuses LiDAR map points as visual landmarks carrying image patches, fusing point-to-plane and photometric residuals in an ESIKF at low computational cost.

技術屬性

欄位內容為文獻擷取紀錄的原文用語(英文),以原文為據;「未查證」表示本研究尚未讀到該資訊,不代表該方法不具備此能力。

FAST-LIVO 的技術屬性
感測輸入3D LiDAR (Ouster OS1-16 in NTU-VIRAL; Livox Avia in private data)、IMU、camera
原文測試平台UAV (NTU-VIRAL)、custom sensor platform with Livox Avia, two industrial cameras and an onboard DJI Manifold-2C (carrying mode not stated in the paper)
狀態估計error-state iterated Kalman filter fusing LiDAR and visual updates (LIO adapted from FAST-LIO2)
資料關聯raw LiDAR points with frame-to-map point-to-plane residual; sparse-direct frame-to-map alignment of 8x8 image patches attached to LiDAR map points, with occlusion and depth-discontinuity outlier rejection
時間表示discrete poses
去畸變backward propagation as in FAST-LIO2 (Sec. III)
迴圈閉合none
全域最佳化none
地圖表示LiDAR global map adopted from FAST-LIO2 (all past points in an ikd-Tree with internal downsampling) plus a separate visual global map of previously observed LiDAR points in equal-size hash-indexed voxels, each point storing several 8x8 patch pyramids with their camera poses
先驗資訊Time offsets among LiDAR, IMU and camera assumed known (calibrated or synchronized in advance) and extrinsics pre-calibrated; the private rig is hardware-synchronized by STM32 timers at 10 Hz
可輸出幾何real-time dense RGB-colored point cloud (Sec. VI-B4, Fig. 7)
計算需求Mean times: VIO 10.23 ms and LIO 26.52 ms on a desktop Intel i7 (text: 8-core i7-10700U), VIO 13.82 ms and LIO 51.51 ms on Qualcomm RB5 (Kryo585); whole system 36.75 ms per LiDAR and image frame versus 45.16 ms plus 59.27 ms for R2LIVE

使用設備

原文使用的感測器、運算硬體與載具(equipment)。型號保留原文寫法,連結到設備頁中同一型號的歸併名稱;角色依原文用途分為方法輸入、資料集感測器、執行運算平台、參考或真值量測(reference or ground truth)與比較對象設備。

原文使用的設備
類別型號(原文寫法)角色資料集原文規格出處
LiDAROS1 gen1 (16-channel)資料集感測器NTU-VIRALhorizontal 16-channel spinning LiDAR(Zheng et al., 2022, Sec. VI-A)
LiDARLivox Avia方法輸入FAST-LIVO private datasetsolid-state LiDAR with built-in IMU(Zheng et al., 2022, Sec. VI-B1; Fig. 4)
慣性量測單元(IMU)OS1 internal IMU資料集感測器NTU-VIRAL原文未報告(Zheng et al., 2022, Sec. VI-A)
慣性量測單元(IMU)Livox Avia built-in IMU方法輸入FAST-LIVO private dataset原文未報告(Zheng et al., 2022, Fig. 4)
GNSS 接收器GPS receiver (labelled in Fig. 4)資料集感測器FAST-LIVO private dataset原文未報告 (no GNSS use described)(Zheng et al., 2022, Fig. 4)
相機left camera (model not stated)資料集感測器NTU-VIRAL原文未報告(Zheng et al., 2022, Sec. VI-A)
相機MV-CA013-21UC方法輸入FAST-LIVO private datasettwo industrial cameras (left and right)(Zheng et al., 2022, Sec. VI-B1; Fig. 4)
載具平台UAV資料集感測器NTU-VIRALaerial platform of NTU-VIRAL (fast UAV motion noted)(Zheng et al., 2022, Sec. VI-A)
運算硬體DJI manifold-2c歸入:DJI Manifold 2C資料集感測器FAST-LIVO private datasetonboard computer of the data rig; Intel i7-8550u CPU and 8 GB RAM(Zheng et al., 2022, Sec. VI-B1)
運算硬體desktop PC with 8-core Intel Core i7-10700U (as written)歸入:desktop PC with 8-core Intel Core i7-10700U執行運算平台未標示原文未報告(Zheng et al., 2022, Sec. VI-C)
運算硬體RB5 with Qualcomm Kryo585 CPU執行運算平台未標示embedded ARM platform(Zheng et al., 2022, Sec. VI-C; Table III)
其他STM32 synchronized timers資料集感測器FAST-LIVO private datasethardware trigger at 10 Hz for all sensors (PWM to LiDAR and camera)(Zheng et al., 2022, Sec. VI-B1; Fig. 4)

作者報告的優勢與限制

優勢

限制

營建工程相關證據

未報告營建工地或隧道驗證;公開資料為 NTU-VIRAL 無人機序列,另有校園私人資料。

原文驗證環境:公開基準

報告的性能數據

以下是原文作者報告的性能數值(author-reported results),不是本研究重新量測的結果。每張圖只並列同一個比較組(comparison group,同一張表、同一組實驗設定)內的方法;不同比較組之間的數值不可直接比較,也不構成排名。

本方法共出現在 20 個比較組,合計 158 筆紀錄。以下列出本方法紀錄最多的 4 組,其餘 16 組列在最後,並連到性能比較頁。

Lin & Zhang, 2024 · Table III 本方法 26 筆

指標APE (m)

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):VoR Table III: absolute position error (APE, m) with standard deviation on NCLT (front-facing camera and 3D LiDAR, Segway robot), computed on the odometry output at LiDAR input for every method; loop closure of LIO-SAM and LVI-SAM deactivated; photometric calibration disabled for R3LIVE++ (unavailable for NCLT); '-' = failed midway, excluded from the averages; Our_LIO column omitted. The text says 2012-03-17 and 2012-08-04 were excluded for a 100 ms LiDAR-IMU timestamp delay, yet both appear in the 25-row table. (Lin & Zhang, 2024, Table III)

APE (m),NCLT · 2012-01-08 (6495.7 m, 01:25:35)

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Lin & Zhang, 2024 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:University of Michigan North Campus, indoor and outdoor, all seasons (Segway robot)

資料來源作者報告值(Lin & Zhang, 2024, Table III)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
Our (R3LIVE++)原文提出10.8 m原文指標寫法:APE (m), printed with STD 2.7 m(Lin & Zhang, 2024, VoR Table III)
R2LIVE22.4 m原文指標寫法:APE (m), printed with STD 3.5 m(Lin & Zhang, 2024, VoR Table III)
LVI-SAM23.4 m原文指標寫法:APE (m), printed with STD 3.7 m(Lin & Zhang, 2024, VoR Table III)
FAST-LIVO本方法13.4 m原文指標寫法:APE (m), printed with STD 2.9 m(Lin & Zhang, 2024, VoR Table III)
Fast-LIO218.5 m原文指標寫法:APE (m), printed with STD 3.3 m(Lin & Zhang, 2024, VoR Table III)
LIO-SAM21.7 m原文指標寫法:APE (m), printed with STD 3.6 m(Lin & Zhang, 2024, VoR Table III)

Yuan et al., 2024 · Table III 本方法 18 筆

指標RMSE of ATE

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):RMSE of ATE of LIO output versus LiDAR-assisted VIO output within each framework on NTU-VIRAL; 'x' = drifted halfway (Yuan et al., 2024, Table III)

RMSE of ATE,NTU-VIRAL · eee_01

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Yuan et al., 2024 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:均方根誤差(RMSE);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:drone-collected sequences; laser-tracking position ground truth

資料來源作者報告值(Yuan et al., 2024, Table III)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
R3Live (LIO module)1.69 m(Yuan et al., 2024, Table III)
R3Live(V) (LiDAR-assisted VIO module)1.71 m(Yuan et al., 2024, Table III)
Fast-LIVO (LIO)本方法0.28 m(Yuan et al., 2024, Table III)
Fast-LIVO(V) (LiDAR-assisted VIO)本方法0.3 m(Yuan et al., 2024, Table III)
Ours (SR-LIVO LIO)原文提出0.21 m(Yuan et al., 2024, Table III)
Ours(V) (authors' R3Live-like LiDAR-assisted VIO module, ablation)0.24 m(Yuan et al., 2024, Table III)

Zheng et al., 2025 · Table II 本方法 17 筆

資料集與序列NTU-VIRAL, Hilti'22, Hilti'23 · Average (25 sequences)

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Absolute translational error RMSE on Hilti'22 and Hilti'23 (handheld: PandarXT-32, BMI085; robot: BPearl, MTi-670; front camera), scored through the official Hilti website because ground truth (MoCap or total station) is not public; loop closure of LVI-SAM removed; ablation columns kept only in the Average row; NTU-VIRAL rows omitted for the row cap; Average over all 25 sequences (NTU-VIRAL, Hilti'22, Hilti'23; how failed runs enter the average is not stated) (Zheng et al., 2025, Table II)

absolute translational errors (RMSE), Average row,NTU-VIRAL, Hilti'22, Hilti'23 · Average (25 sequences)

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Zheng et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:均方根誤差(RMSE);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:mixed aerial, construction, indoor and outdoor

資料來源作者報告值(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
SDV-LOAM7.416 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
Our LIO0.097 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
FAST-LIO20.151 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
R3LIVE0.278 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
LVI-SAM1.928 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
FAST-LIVO本方法0.137 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
Ours原文提出0.045 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
Ours (w/o expo)0.051 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
Ours (w normal)0.044 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
Ours (w/o update)0.089 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)

Zhou et al., 2025 · Table I 本方法 17 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):ATE RMSE on 16 Hilti'22 and Hilti'23 sequences computed with the official Hilti evaluation tools; parameters of all methods tuned by the authors; x = system totally failed (Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)

ATE (RMSE),Hilti'22 · Construction Ground

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

  • 失敗

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Zhou et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:均方根誤差(RMSE);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:construction site

資料來源作者報告值(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
Ours原文提出0.01 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
FAST-LIVO20.01 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
FAST-LIO20.013 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
FAST-LIVO本方法0.022 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
R3LIVE0.021 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
SDV-LOAM25.121 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
LVI-SAM無數值失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed (x)(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)

其他比較組

列出其餘 16 個比較組

來源

  • Zheng et al., 2022

    Chunran Zheng, Qingyan Zhu, Wei Xu, Xiyuan Liu, Qizhi Guo, Fu Zhang(2022)FAST-LIVO: Fast and Tightly-coupled Sparse-Direct LiDAR-Inertial-Visual Odometry2022 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 4003-4009

    同儕審查已出版已讀全文近十年

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