A factor-graph LiDAR-visual-inertial system in which a VINS-Mono-style visual-inertial subsystem and a LIO-SAM-style lidar-inertial subsystem exchange initial guesses and depth, with visual place recognition refined by LiDAR scan matching for loop closure.

技術屬性

欄位內容為文獻擷取紀錄的原文用語(英文),以原文為據;「未查證」表示本研究尚未讀到該資訊,不代表該方法不具備此能力。

LVI-SAM 的技術屬性
感測輸入3D LiDAR (Velodyne VLP-16)、IMU (MicroStrain 3DM-GX5-25)、monocular camera (FLIR BFS-U3-04S2M-CS)、GPS (Reach RS+, ground-truth reference only)
原文測試平台handheld、wheeled UGV (Clearpath Jackal)
狀態估計factor graph smoothing with iSAM2 in the lidar-inertial subsystem (IMU preintegration, visual odometry, lidar odometry and loop factors); VINS-Mono-style sliding-window bundle adjustment in the visual-inertial subsystem
資料關聯LiDAR edge and planar features matched scan-to-map against a sliding-window keyframe feature map (adapted from LIO-SAM); KLT-tracked corner features with depth from stacked LiDAR points (3 nearest points on a unit sphere, plane intersection, 2 m consistency check)
時間表示discrete poses (keyframes); IMU-rate pose output
去畸變LiDAR point clouds de-skewed with IMU measurements before feature extraction (Fig. 1, Sec. I)
迴圈閉合DBoW2 with BRIEF descriptors proposes candidates in the VIS; candidates refined by LiDAR scan matching in the LIS (Sec. II-B4, II-C)
全域最佳化incremental factor graph optimization (iSAM2) including loop closure factors
地圖表示global LiDAR feature map built from keyframes; sparse visual landmarks in the VIS
先驗資訊none
可輸出幾何原文未報告 (paper evaluates trajectories; no colored map or export format described)
計算需求real-time claimed; all methods run on a laptop with Intel i7-10710U CPU (Sec. III); per-module timing not reported

使用設備

原文使用的感測器、運算硬體與載具(equipment)。型號保留原文寫法,連結到設備頁中同一型號的歸併名稱;角色依原文用途分為方法輸入、資料集感測器、執行運算平台、參考或真值量測(reference or ground truth)與比較對象設備。

原文使用的設備
類別型號(原文寫法)角色資料集原文規格出處
LiDARVelodyne VLP-16方法輸入未標示原文未報告(Shan et al., 2021, Sec. III)
慣性量測單元(IMU)MicroStrain 3DM-GX5-25方法輸入未標示原文未報告(Shan et al., 2021, Sec. III)
GNSS 接收器Reach RS+ GPS參考或真值量測未標示used as ground truth where reception is available(Shan et al., 2021, Sec. III; Fig. 8)
相機FLIR BFS-U3-04S2M-CS方法輸入未標示原文未報告(Shan et al., 2021, Sec. III)
載具平台Clearpath Jackal unmanned ground vehicle方法輸入Jackalmanually driven(Shan et al., 2021, Sec. III-B)
載具平台handheld sensor suite carried by an operator方法輸入Urban; Handheld原文未報告(Shan et al., 2021, Sec. III-A; Sec. III-C)
運算硬體laptop with Intel i7-10710U (Ubuntu Linux)執行運算平台未標示all compared methods executed on it(Shan et al., 2021, Sec. III)

論文圖片

只收錄原文以開放授權(open license)釋出的圖片,並依授權條件標示出處、圖號、授權與修改方式。

作者報告的優勢與限制

優勢

限制

營建工程相關證據

原論文未於營建工地、隧道或既有建物做驗證;三組自採資料為戶外都市街區(Urban,手持,含建物、車輛、行人與植被,植被遮蔽使 GPS 失效)、Jackal 無人地面車行經的結構物、植被與多種路面區域,以及含開闊棒球場的草地(Handheld);論文未稱其為校園。後續 FAST-LIVO2 論文在含工地序列的 Hilti 資料集上將其(關閉迴圈)作為比較基準,並報告多個序列失敗(Zheng et al., 2025, Sec. IX-B)。

原文驗證環境:獨立參考量測

報告的性能數據

以下是原文作者報告的性能數值(author-reported results),不是本研究重新量測的結果。每張圖只並列同一個比較組(comparison group,同一張表、同一組實驗設定)內的方法;不同比較組之間的數值不可直接比較,也不構成排名。

本方法共出現在 20 個比較組,合計 196 筆紀錄。以下列出本方法紀錄最多的 4 組,其餘 16 組列在最後,並連到性能比較頁。

Lin & Zhang, 2024 · Table III 本方法 26 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):VoR Table III: absolute position error (APE, m) with standard deviation on NCLT (front-facing camera and 3D LiDAR, Segway robot), computed on the odometry output at LiDAR input for every method; loop closure of LIO-SAM and LVI-SAM deactivated; photometric calibration disabled for R3LIVE++ (unavailable for NCLT); '-' = failed midway, excluded from the averages; Our_LIO column omitted. The text says 2012-03-17 and 2012-08-04 were excluded for a 100 ms LiDAR-IMU timestamp delay, yet both appear in the 25-row table. (Lin & Zhang, 2024, Table III)

APE (m),NCLT · 2012-01-08 (6495.7 m, 01:25:35)

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Lin & Zhang, 2024 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:University of Michigan North Campus, indoor and outdoor, all seasons (Segway robot)

資料來源作者報告值(Lin & Zhang, 2024, Table III)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
Our (R3LIVE++)原文提出10.8 m原文指標寫法:APE (m), printed with STD 2.7 m(Lin & Zhang, 2024, VoR Table III)
R2LIVE22.4 m原文指標寫法:APE (m), printed with STD 3.5 m(Lin & Zhang, 2024, VoR Table III)
LVI-SAM本方法23.4 m原文指標寫法:APE (m), printed with STD 3.7 m(Lin & Zhang, 2024, VoR Table III)
FAST-LIVO13.4 m原文指標寫法:APE (m), printed with STD 2.9 m(Lin & Zhang, 2024, VoR Table III)
Fast-LIO218.5 m原文指標寫法:APE (m), printed with STD 3.3 m(Lin & Zhang, 2024, VoR Table III)
LIO-SAM21.7 m原文指標寫法:APE (m), printed with STD 3.6 m(Lin & Zhang, 2024, VoR Table III)

Lin & Zhang, 2022 · Table III 本方法 24 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Relative rotation error (RRE, deg) and relative translation error (RTE, %) over all sub-sequences of 50 to 300 m in two seaport sequences (Belcher Bay Promenade) with D-GPS RTK ground truth; R3LIVE-HiRes uses 1280x1024 images and 0.01 m map point spacing, R3LIVE-RT 320x256 images and 0.10 m; LVI-SAM run with a modified LiDAR front-end for the Livox Avia; identical values in arXiv v1 and the version of record (Lin & Zhang, 2022, Table III)

RRE (deg) over 50 m sub-sequences,R3LIVE Experiment-3 (authors' data, D-GPS RTK) · Experiment-3 (a), 50 m sub-sequences

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Lin & Zhang, 2022 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:deg;場景:seaport promenade with pedestrians and open sea (handheld)

資料來源作者報告值(Lin & Zhang, 2022, Table III)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
R3LIVE-HiRes原文提出0.99 deg(Lin & Zhang, 2022, VoR Table III)
R3LIVE-RT原文提出1.48 deg(Lin & Zhang, 2022, VoR Table III)
LVI SAM本方法2.11 deg(Lin & Zhang, 2022, VoR Table III)
R2LIVE1.21 deg(Lin & Zhang, 2022, VoR Table III)
FAST-LIO21.36 deg(Lin & Zhang, 2022, VoR Table III)
VINS-Mono3.03 deg(Lin & Zhang, 2022, VoR Table III)

Zheng et al., 2025 · Table II 本方法 17 筆

資料集與序列NTU-VIRAL, Hilti'22, Hilti'23 · Average (25 sequences)

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Absolute translational error RMSE on Hilti'22 and Hilti'23 (handheld: PandarXT-32, BMI085; robot: BPearl, MTi-670; front camera), scored through the official Hilti website because ground truth (MoCap or total station) is not public; loop closure of LVI-SAM removed; ablation columns kept only in the Average row; NTU-VIRAL rows omitted for the row cap; Average over all 25 sequences (NTU-VIRAL, Hilti'22, Hilti'23; how failed runs enter the average is not stated) (Zheng et al., 2025, Table II)

absolute translational errors (RMSE), Average row,NTU-VIRAL, Hilti'22, Hilti'23 · Average (25 sequences)

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Zheng et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:均方根誤差(RMSE);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:mixed aerial, construction, indoor and outdoor

資料來源作者報告值(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
SDV-LOAM7.416 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
Our LIO0.097 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
FAST-LIO20.151 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
R3LIVE0.278 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
LVI-SAM本方法1.928 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
FAST-LIVO0.137 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
Ours原文提出0.045 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
Ours (w/o expo)0.051 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
Ours (w normal)0.044 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)
Ours (w/o update)0.089 m(Zheng et al., 2025, Table II (Average row); text Sec. IX-B states 0.044 m for Ours)

Zhou et al., 2025 · Table I 本方法 17 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):ATE RMSE on 16 Hilti'22 and Hilti'23 sequences computed with the official Hilti evaluation tools; parameters of all methods tuned by the authors; x = system totally failed (Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)

ATE (RMSE),Hilti'22 · Construction Ground

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

  • 失敗

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Zhou et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:均方根誤差(RMSE);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:construction site

資料來源作者報告值(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
Ours原文提出0.01 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
FAST-LIVO20.01 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
FAST-LIO20.013 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
FAST-LIVO0.022 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
R3LIVE0.021 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
SDV-LOAM25.121 m(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)
LVI-SAM本方法無數值失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed (x)(Zhou et al., 2025, Table I)

其他比較組

列出其餘 16 個比較組

來源

  • Shan et al., 2021

    Tixiao Shan, Brendan Englot, Carlo Ratti, Daniela Rus(2021)LVI-SAM: Tightly-coupled Lidar-Visual-Inertial Odometry via Smoothing and Mapping2021 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 5692-5698

    同儕審查已出版已讀全文近十年查證後修正

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