Replaces colored point clouds with a hash-octree Gaussian map optimized in a GPU sliding window and uses rendered-image photometric residuals inside a FAST-LIVO2-derived sequential IESKF.

技術屬性

欄位內容為文獻擷取紀錄的原文用語(英文),以原文為據;「未查證」表示本研究尚未讀到該資訊,不代表該方法不具備此能力。

GS-LIVO 的技術屬性
感測輸入3D LiDAR、IMU、camera
原文測試平台aerial robotic vehicles (MARS-LVIG) | mobile chassis carrying the sensor suite and Jetson Orin NX | carrying mode of the FAST-LIVO2 sequences, the Playground sequences and (T-RO) Oxford Spires not stated in this paper
狀態估計iterated error-state Kalman filter with sequential updates, modified from FAST-LIVO2
資料關聯LiDAR update with planar features of a size-adaptive voxel map (FAST-LIVO2 and VoxelMap-type LIO); visual update minimizes the photometric loss between the image rendered from Gaussians in the current FoV at the LiDAR-updated pose and the captured image, with Jacobians derived as in MonoGS and chained to the IMU pose inside the IESKF
時間表示discrete poses; emulated PPS hardware synchronization
去畸變Not described; the LiDAR-inertial update is taken from FAST-LIVO2 and size-adaptive voxel LIO ([57], [59] in T-RO) without re-describing motion compensation
迴圈閉合none reported
全域最佳化none
地圖表示Planar 3D Gaussians initialized from LiDAR leaf voxels (normal from LiDAR, color by bilinear sampling) in a global hash-indexed octree in CPU RAM; Gaussians in the current FoV kept in a contiguous CPU buffer mirrored in GPU memory and optimized with Adam; root voxel 0.03 or 0.06 m indoors and 1.0 or 0.5 m outdoors with 2 subdivision levels; window of 100,000 Gaussians (desktop) or 20,000 (Orin NX)
先驗資訊offline camera intrinsic and LiDAR-camera extrinsic calibration
可輸出幾何Gaussian map with photorealistic rendering; 2D occupancy grid derived for navigation (Sec. III-D); point-cloud export 原文未報告
計算需求GPU required; desktop i9-13900KF, 128 GB RAM, RTX-4090: 48.5 to 94.8 ms per frame; map updates over 10 Hz indoors and about 3 Hz outdoors (Sec. I-B); Jetson Orin NX 16 GB: 15.3 ms optimization, 18.9 ms map maintenance, 48.3 ms total at 256x216 images and 20,000 Gaussians

使用設備

原文使用的感測器、運算硬體與載具(equipment)。型號保留原文寫法,連結到設備頁中同一型號的歸併名稱;角色依原文用途分為方法輸入、資料集感測器、執行運算平台、參考或真值量測(reference or ground truth)與比較對象設備。

原文使用的設備
類別型號(原文寫法)角色資料集原文規格出處
LiDARLiDAR (model not stated)方法輸入未標示原文未報告(Hong et al., 2025, Sec. II; Fig. 8(e) arXiv, Fig. 12(e) T-RO)
地面雷射掃描儀(TLS)TLS (model not stated in this paper)參考或真值量測Oxford Spires (Radcliffe01; T-RO only)LiDAR-TLS map registration giving 1 to 2 cm ground-truth trajectories(Hong et al., 2025, T-RO Sec. III-A)
慣性量測單元(IMU)IMU (model not stated)方法輸入未標示原文未報告(Hong et al., 2025, Sec. II)
GNSS 接收器D-RTK (DJI Differential Real-Time Kinematic GNSS system)參考或真值量測MARS-LVIGprecise ground truth for odometry(Hong et al., 2025, Sec. III-A (T-RO wording))
相機camera (model not stated; pinhole projection model)方法輸入未標示intrinsics calibrated with a checkerboard(Hong et al., 2025, Sec. II; Sec. III-A)
載具平台mobile chassis方法輸入未標示carries the sensor suite and Jetson Orin NX(Hong et al., 2025, Fig. 8(e) arXiv; Fig. 12(e) T-RO)
載具平台aerial robotic vehicles資料集感測器MARS-LVIGMARS-LVIG data collection over mountains and seas(Hong et al., 2025, Sec. III-A)
運算硬體NVIDIA Jetson Orin NX執行運算平台未標示8-core CPU, 1024 CUDA cores, 16 GB LPDDR5(Hong et al., 2025, Abstract footnote; Sec. III-D)
運算硬體desktop with Intel i9-13900KF CPU and NVIDIA RTX-4090 GPU執行運算平台未標示128 GB RAM(Hong et al., 2025, Sec. III)
其他emulated pulse-per-second (PPS) synchronization方法輸入未標示temporal alignment of LiDAR, IMU and camera(Hong et al., 2025, Sec. II)
其他motion capture system (MoCap)參考或真值量測proprietary Playground sequencesground truth for small indoor sequences; tracker-odometry alignment calibrated(Hong et al., 2025, Sec. III-A)

作者報告的優勢與限制

優勢

限制

營建工程相關證據

原文未報告(資料為 FAST-LIVO2 校園序列、MARS-LVIG 空拍與小型室內動作捕捉場地)

原文驗證環境:公開基準、受控實驗、獨立參考量測

報告的性能數據

以下是原文作者報告的性能數值(author-reported results),不是本研究重新量測的結果。每張圖只並列同一個比較組(comparison group,同一張表、同一組實驗設定)內的方法;不同比較組之間的數值不可直接比較,也不構成排名。

本方法共出現在 5 個比較組,合計 36 筆紀錄。以下列出本方法紀錄最多的 4 組,其餘 1 組列在最後,並連到性能比較頁。

Hong et al., 2025 · Table III 本方法 15 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Gaussian-based SLAM comparison (T-RO Table III; arXiv v1 Table IV without Radcliffe01); MonoGS* uses LiDAR-projected depth, MonoGS is monocular; x = failed on all outdoor sequences (one row per failed method and sequence); Dur./ms column header carries an upward arrow in the table (Hong et al., 2025, Table III)

RMSE/m,proprietary (MoCap) · Playground01

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Hong et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:均方根誤差(RMSE);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:small indoor UAV playground

資料來源作者報告值(Hong et al., 2025, Table III)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
SplaTAM0.28 m(Hong et al., 2025, T-RO Table III; arXiv v1 Table IV)
MonoGS*0.09 m(Hong et al., 2025, T-RO Table III; arXiv v1 Table IV)
MonoGS0.18 m(Hong et al., 2025, T-RO Table III; arXiv v1 Table IV)
GS-LIVO (Ours)本方法原文提出0.006 m(Hong et al., 2025, T-RO Table III; arXiv v1 Table IV)

Hong et al., 2025 · Table II 本方法 10 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):LIV-based SLAM comparison (T-RO Table II; arXiv v1 Table III without Radcliffe01); image 640x480; octree 0.06 m (indoor) or 0.5 m (outdoor), 2 layers; window 100,000 Gaussians; ground truth D-RTK (MARS-LVIG), MoCap (Playground), TLS-registered trajectories (Oxford Spires Radcliffe01); baseline labelled 'FAST-LIVO [7]' but the text attributes it to [8] (FAST-LIVO2), so method_id left null (Hong et al., 2025, Table II)

RMSE/m,MARS-LVIG · HKisland03

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Hong et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:均方根誤差(RMSE);對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:aerial, island and sea

資料來源作者報告值(Hong et al., 2025, Table II)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
FAST-LIVO [7]0.51 m(Hong et al., 2025, T-RO Table II; arXiv v1 Table III)
R3LIVE1.71 m(Hong et al., 2025, T-RO Table II; arXiv v1 Table III)
LVI-SAM4.12 m(Hong et al., 2025, T-RO Table II; arXiv v1 Table III)
GS-LIVO (Ours)本方法原文提出0.58 m(Hong et al., 2025, T-RO Table II; arXiv v1 Table III)

Hong et al., 2025 · Table I 本方法 6 筆

指標PSNR (dB), higher is better

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Rendering comparison (T-RO Table I; arXiv v1 Table II without M2Mapping); 15,000 iterations per method; indoor root voxel 0.03 m, outdoor 1.0 m, 2 levels; SplaTAM and MonoGS fed with LiDAR-projected depth; x = failed; Dur./s and Mem./GB columns omitted for the row cap (Hong et al., 2025, Table I)

PSNR (dB), higher is better,FAST-LIVO2 dataset · HKU01

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

  • 失敗

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Hong et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:不適用;單位:dB;場景:large-scale university campus

資料來源作者報告值(Hong et al., 2025, Table I)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
3D-GS26.22 dB(Hong et al., 2025, T-RO Table I; arXiv v1 Table II)
M2Mapping25.06 dB(Hong et al., 2025, T-RO Table I; arXiv v1 Table II)
SplaTAM24.06 dB(Hong et al., 2025, T-RO Table I; arXiv v1 Table II)
MonoGS23.51 dB(Hong et al., 2025, T-RO Table I; arXiv v1 Table II)
S3GS無數值失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed (x)(Hong et al., 2025, T-RO Table I; arXiv v1 Table II)
LetsGo24.51 dB(Hong et al., 2025, T-RO Table I; arXiv v1 Table II)
GS-LIVO (Ours)本方法原文提出25.34 dB(Hong et al., 2025, T-RO Table I; arXiv v1 Table II)

Hong et al., 2025 · Text Sec.III-D 本方法 4 筆

資料集與序列原文未報告 · embedded platform run

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Embedded test on Jetson Orin NX 16 GB: root voxel 0.5 m, 2 layers, 256x216 images, window of 20,000 Gaussians (Hong et al., 2025, Text Sec.III-D)

optimization time,原文未報告 · embedded platform run

這張表在此指標與資料序列只列出本方法一筆,沒有可並列的其他方法,因此不畫圖,數值與出處見下表。這是 Hong et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:不適用;單位:ms;場景:mobile chassis

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
GS-LIVO (Ours)本方法原文提出硬體:NVIDIA Jetson Orin NX 16 GB15.3 ms(Hong et al., 2025, Sec. III-D; Fig. 8 (arXiv) or Fig. 12 (T-RO))

其他比較組

列出其餘 1 個比較組

來源

  • Hong et al., 2025

    Sheng Hong, Chunran Zheng, Yishu Shen, Changze Li, Fu Zhang, Tong Qin, Shaojie Shen(2025)GS-LIVO: Real-Time LiDAR, Inertial, and Visual Multisensor Fused Odometry With Gaussian MappingIEEE Transactions on Robotics, 41: 4253-4268

    同儕審查已出版已讀全文近十年查證後修正

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