Unifies an SDF and a Gaussian radiance field in one neural point map with mutual geometric consistency for LiDAR-visual SLAM.

技術屬性

欄位內容為文獻擷取紀錄的原文用語(英文),以原文為據;「未查證」表示本研究尚未讀到該資訊,不代表該方法不具備此能力。

PINGS 的技術屬性
感測輸入Ouster OS1-128 LiDAR, 128 beams, 45 deg vertical FOV, 10 Hz, mounted horizontally (in-house car dataset)、four Basler Ace cameras giving 360 deg coverage at 10 Hz (in-house car dataset)、Oxford Spires handheld rig: 64-beam LiDAR and three global-shutter cameras (dataset)
原文測試平台vehicle、handheld
狀態估計LiDAR odometry by Gauss-Newton alignment of each scan to the SDF zero level set using only SDF values and gradients (no explicit correspondences); camera poses initialised from LiDAR odometry and extrinsics and refined by gradient descent during radiance-field training to absorb imperfect camera and LiDAR synchronization; loop closure detection and pose graph optimization run in parallel
資料關聯point-to-implicit SDF for odometry; photometric Gaussian-splatting loss with SDF-radiance geometric consistency for mapping
時間表示discrete poses
去畸變原文未報告
迴圈閉合loop closure detection running in parallel (inherited from PIN-SLAM)
全域最佳化pose graph optimization
地圖表示neural points jointly encoding a signed distance field and a Gaussian-splatting radiance field
先驗資訊none (per-scene online optimization, no pre-trained priors)
可輸出幾何SDF mesh via marching cubes; rendered RGB and depth from the Gaussian radiance field
計算需求SDF mapping and LiDAR odometry at sensor rate, but overall ~5 s per frame on an NVIDIA A6000 due to radiance-field mapping (Sec. V)

使用設備

原文使用的感測器、運算硬體與載具(equipment)。型號保留原文寫法,連結到設備頁中同一型號的歸併名稱;角色依原文用途分為方法輸入、資料集感測器、執行運算平台、參考或真值量測(reference or ground truth)與比較對象設備。

原文使用的設備
類別型號(原文寫法)角色資料集原文規格出處
LiDAROuster OS1-128方法輸入in-house car dataset128 beams, 45 deg vertical FOV, 10 Hz, mounted horizontally on a robot car(Pan et al., 2025, Sec. IV-A1)
LiDAR64-beam LiDAR (model not named)資料集感測器Oxford Spireson a handheld system(Pan et al., 2025, Sec. IV-A1)
地面雷射掃描儀(TLS)geo-referenced terrestrial laser scans (scanner model not named)參考或真值量測in-house car datasetprecise constraints in the offline reference-pose bundle adjustment(Pan et al., 2025, Sec. IV-A1)
地面雷射掃描儀(TLS)Leica RTC360參考或真值量測Oxford Spiresmillimetre-accurate reference map(Pan et al., 2025, Sec. IV-A1)
GNSS 接收器RTK-GNSS (model not named)參考或真值量測in-house car datasetincorporated into offline LiDAR bundle adjustment for reference poses(Pan et al., 2025, Sec. IV-A1)
相機Basler Ace (four units)方法輸入in-house car dataset360 deg visual coverage, 10 Hz; images used at 512 x 1,032(Pan et al., 2025, Sec. IV-A1; Sec. IV-A2)
相機three global-shutter cameras (model not named)資料集感測器Oxford Spiresimages used at 540 x 720(Pan et al., 2025, Sec. IV-A1; Sec. IV-A2)
載具平台robot car方法輸入in-house car datasetdrives of 5.0 km (about 10,000 scans and 40,000 images) and 3.7 km(Pan et al., 2025, Sec. IV-A1; Table III)
運算硬體NVIDIA A6000歸入:NVidia A6000執行運算平台未標示single GPU; overall about 5 s per frame(Pan et al., 2025, Sec. IV-A2; Sec. V)

作者報告的優勢與限制

優勢

限制

營建工程相關證據

論文未在營建場域測試;以 TLS 參考的校園資料(Oxford Spires)評估幾何,方法設計(LiDAR 幾何+影像外觀)與既有建物紀錄高度相關(推論)。

原文驗證環境:公開基準、獨立參考量測、受控實驗

報告的性能數據

以下是原文作者報告的性能數值(author-reported results),不是本研究重新量測的結果。每張圖只並列同一個比較組(comparison group,同一張表、同一組實驗設定)內的方法;不同比較組之間的數值不可直接比較,也不構成排名。

本方法共出現在 3 個比較組,合計 25 筆紀錄。

Pan et al., 2025 · Table II 本方法 16 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Oxford Spires surface reconstruction against the millimetre-accurate Leica RTC360 TLS reference map; localization disabled and ground-truth poses used for all methods; OpenMVS and Nerfacto results taken from the benchmark (offline batch); meshes at 0.1 m resolution; F-score threshold 0.1 m; precision and recall columns not extracted (Pan et al., 2025, Table II)

Accuracy error,Oxford Spires · Blenheim Palace 05

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Pan et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:原文未報告;單位:m;場景:Oxford Spires sequences Blenheim Palace 05, Christ Church 02, Keble College 04 and Observatory Quarter 01, handheld LiDAR-camera rig; scene type not described in the paper

資料來源作者報告值(Pan et al., 2025, Table II)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
OpenMVS [5] (offline)0.126 m(Pan et al., 2025, Table II)
Nerfacto [62] (offline)0.302 m(Pan et al., 2025, Table II)
GSS [11]0.204 m(Pan et al., 2025, Table II)
VDB-Fusion [67]0.098 m(Pan et al., 2025, Table II)
PIN-SLAM [51]0.078 m(Pan et al., 2025, Table II)
PINGS (Ours)本方法原文提出0.072 m(Pan et al., 2025, Table II)

Pan et al., 2025 · Table III 本方法 8 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):In-house car dataset (Bonn), full sequences; reference poses from offline LiDAR bundle adjustment with RTK-GNSS, point cloud alignment and geo-referenced TLS constraints; odometry methods above, SLAM methods below; ATE alignment not stated (Pan et al., 2025, Table III)

ARTE [%] (average relative translation error),in-house car dataset · Seq. 1 (5.0 km)

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Pan et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:平均值(mean);對齊方式:未對齊;單位:%;場景:outdoor urban driving (robot car)

資料來源作者報告值(Pan et al., 2025, Table III)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
F-LOAM [69]1.96%(Pan et al., 2025, Table III)
KISS-ICP [68]1.49%(Pan et al., 2025, Table III)
PIN odometry [51]0.95%(Pan et al., 2025, Table III)
PINGS odometry本方法原文提出0.73%(Pan et al., 2025, Table III)
SuMa [3]5.55%(Pan et al., 2025, Table III)
MULLS [50]2.23%(Pan et al., 2025, Table III)
PIN-SLAM [51]1%(Pan et al., 2025, Table III)
PINGS (Ours)本方法原文提出0.68%(Pan et al., 2025, Table III)

Pan et al., 2025 · Text Sec. V 本方法 1 筆

指標overall processing time of around five seconds per frame

資料集與序列in-house car dataset and Oxford Spires (not specified)

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Overall processing time stated in the limitations; SDF mapping and LiDAR odometry run at sensor frame rate, radiance-field mapping dominates (Pan et al., 2025, Text Sec. V)

overall processing time of around five seconds per frame,in-house car dataset and Oxford Spires (not specified)

這張表在此指標與資料序列只列出本方法一筆,沒有可並列的其他方法,因此不畫圖,數值與出處見下表。這是 Pan et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:不適用;單位:s

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
PINGS (Ours)本方法原文提出硬體:single NVIDIA A6000 GPU5 s(Pan et al., 2025, Sec. V Limitations)

來源

  • Pan et al., 2025

    Yue Pan, Xingguang Zhong, Liren Jin, Louis Wiesmann, Marija Popović, Jens Behley, Cyrill Stachniss(2025)PINGS: Gaussian Splatting Meets Distance Fields within a Point-Based Implicit Neural MapRobotics: Science and Systems XXI

    同儕審查已出版已讀全文近十年

回到方法圖鑑

選擇開啟Esc關閉