Loam_livox
Loam_livox 把 LOAM 流程改寫給小視野、非重複掃描的固態 LiDAR(Livox Mid-40)。前端依視野邊緣、回波強度、入射角與遮蔽關係剔除不可靠的點,並把反射率突變視為額外的邊緣特徵,以緩解小視野下特徵不足與退化。每一幀直接與全域特徵地圖配準,並以「分段處理」(piecewise processing,將一幀切成三個子幀分別配準)處理手持抖動造成的運動模糊。論文本身不含迴圈閉合。
本頁內容
Loam_livox adapts LOAM to small-FoV non-repetitive solid-state lidars through physics-based point selection, reflectivity edges, direct frame-to-map matching with outlier trimming, and piecewise sub-frame motion compensation.
技術屬性
欄位內容為文獻擷取紀錄的原文用語(英文),以原文為據;「未查證」表示本研究尚未讀到該資訊,不代表該方法不具備此能力。
| 感測輸入 | solid-state LiDAR (Livox Mid-40, 38.4 deg circular FoV, non-repetitive scan) |
|---|---|
| 原文測試平台 | handheld |
| 狀態估計 | iterative nonlinear least-squares pose optimization with 20% largest-residual trimming (Algorithm 1) |
| 資料關聯 | point selection by FoV fringe, intensity, incidence angle and occlusion; LOAM-style smoothness features plus reflectivity-change edges; edge-to-edge and plane-to-plane residuals using 5 nearest map points with eigenvalue checks (Sec. III, IV-A, IV-B) |
| 時間表示 | discrete frame poses; each frame split into three sub-frames (piecewise processing) or linear interpolation (Sec. IV-C) |
| 去畸變 | piecewise processing (three sub-frames matched independently) or linear pose interpolation; piecewise preferred for jerky handheld motion (Sec. IV-C, V-A) |
| 迴圈閉合 | none in this paper; a companion preprint (arXiv 1909.11811) and the repository README describe an added loop-closure module |
| 全域最佳化 | none in this paper |
| 地圖表示 | global maps of edge and planar features in memory; raw points saved to disk for possible offline processing (Fig. 5 caption) |
| 先驗資訊 | none |
| 可輸出幾何 | feature maps and 20 Hz odometry; raw points retained on disk (Fig. 5 caption) |
| 計算需求 | Odometry and mapping both at 20 Hz; sub-frame matching and KD-tree building in parallel threads. Per-frame time: desktop PC i7-9700K (4.0-4.8 GHz) 35.68 ms, 17.24 ms with 3 threads; onboard DJI Manifold 2 (i7-8550U, 3.0-3.5 GHz) 54.60 ms, 32.54 ms with 3 threads (Sec. V-C, Table I) |
使用設備
原文使用的感測器、運算硬體與載具(equipment)。型號保留原文寫法,連結到設備頁中同一型號的歸併名稱;角色依原文用途分為方法輸入、資料集感測器、執行運算平台、參考或真值量測(reference or ground truth)與比較對象設備。
| 類別 | 型號(原文寫法) | 角色 | 資料集 | 原文規格 | 出處 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LiDAR | Livox MID40 | 方法輸入 | 未標示 | written 'Livox Mid-40' in Fig. 3; front-facing conical FoV of 38.4 deg; rosette-like non-repetitive scanning; 20 ms per frame (Fig. 4); point-selection thresholds stated for MID40 (deflection angle >= 17 deg removed, intensity limits 7e-3 and 1e-1, incidence angle limits 5 and 175 deg). Sec. V and the experiment figures do not name the LiDAR on the hand-held rig; MID40 is inferred from the method parameters | (Lin & Zhang, 2020, Sec. I, III-A; Figs. 3-4) |
| GNSS 接收器 | GPS measurement | 參考或真值量測 | 未標示 | start and end coordinates printed in Fig. 9; Sec. V-B compares odometry distance with the GPS measurement and the Fig. 9 caption says results were compared with Google maps to compute traveled distance; receiver not stated | (Lin & Zhang, 2020, Sec. V-B, Fig. 9) |
| 相機 | Camera on the hand-held device (model not stated) | 資料集感測器 | 未標示 | shown on the hand-held rig; not used by the algorithm, which uses no IMU, GPS or camera | (Lin & Zhang, 2020, Fig. 8d; Sec. I) |
| 載具平台 | Hand-held device carrying LiDAR, camera and laptop | 方法輸入 | 未標示 | used for data collection; motion described as jerky | (Lin & Zhang, 2020, Fig. 8d; Sec. V-A) |
| 運算硬體 | Desktop PC with Intel i7-9700K | 執行運算平台 | 未標示 | 4.0-4.8 GHz; 3 threads in parallel mode | (Lin & Zhang, 2020, Sec. V-C, Table I) |
| 運算硬體 | DJI Manifold 2 onboard computer (i7-8550U) | 執行運算平台 | 未標示 | 3.0-3.5 GHz; 3 threads in parallel mode | (Lin & Zhang, 2020, Sec. V-C, Table I) |
| 其他 | Motion capture system (model not stated) | 參考或真值量測 | 未標示 | rotation reference; Euler angles compared | (Lin & Zhang, 2020, Sec. V-B, Fig. 10) |
作者報告的優勢與限制
優勢
- Piecewise processing removed motion blur on stairs and railings and avoided the long-term bending seen with linear interpolation in handheld data (Sec. V-A, Fig. 8)
- traveled-distance comparison against GPS measurements, compared via Google maps per the Fig. 9 caption, one outdoor and one indoor dataset: 0.41% and 0.65% (Sec. V-B, Fig. 9)
- average Euler-angle error about 1.1 deg against motion capture (Sec. V-B, Fig. 10)
- per-frame time 35.68 ms (desktop i7-9700K) and 54.60 ms (DJI Manifold 2, i7-8550U), 17.24 ms and 32.54 ms with 3 parallel threads, versus 109.00 ms and 125.13 ms for the A-LOAM baseline, i.e., 2 to 3 times faster (Sec. V-C, Table I)
限制
- Small FoV yields few features and degeneracy, and makes matching easily disturbed by moving objects (Sec. I)
- Linear interpolation cannot capture jerky handheld motion (Sec. V-A)
- No loop closure or global optimization in the paper (Sec. VI)
營建工程相關證據
原文未報告(論文展示校園樓梯、欄杆與大尺度校園建圖,但未在營建工地驗證;(推論)低成本固態 LiDAR 與手持運動模糊處理和工地手持掃描情境相關,需另行驗證)。
原文驗證環境:受控實驗、獨立參考量測
報告的性能數據
以下是原文作者報告的性能數值(author-reported results),不是本研究重新量測的結果。每張圖只並列同一個比較組(comparison group,同一張表、同一組實驗設定)內的方法;不同比較組之間的數值不可直接比較,也不構成排名。
本方法共出現在 4 個比較組,合計 9 筆紀錄。
Lin & Zhang, 2020 · Table I 本方法 4 筆
指標time consumption per frame
表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Time consumption per frame; both methods use piecewise processing; parallel columns use 3 threads for registration (Lin & Zhang, 2020, Table I)
time consumption per frame,原文未報告 (data used for timing not stated) · Desktop PC @4.0-4.8 GHz
只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。
按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。
這些是 Lin & Zhang, 2020 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。
資料來源作者報告值(Lin & Zhang, 2020, Table I)
| 方法(原文寫法) | 報告值 | 出處 |
|---|---|---|
| Ours (Loam_livox)本方法原文提出硬體:desktop PC, Intel i7-9700K | 35.68 ms | (Lin & Zhang, 2020, Table I) |
| Baseline (A-LOAM)硬體:desktop PC, Intel i7-9700K | 109 ms | (Lin & Zhang, 2020, Table I) |
Lin & Zhang, 2020 · Text Sec. V-B 本方法 3 筆
表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Odometry distance between two positions compared with distance from GPS coordinates on Google Maps (Lin & Zhang, 2020, Text Sec. V-B)
traveled-distance error against GPS (Google Maps) positions,author-collected Livox MID40 data · dataset 1 (outdoor, Fig. 9 upper)
這張表在此指標與資料序列只列出本方法一筆,沒有可並列的其他方法,因此不畫圖,數值與出處見下表。這是 Lin & Zhang, 2020 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。
| 方法(原文寫法) | 報告值 | 出處 |
|---|---|---|
| Loam_livox本方法原文提出 | 0.41% | (Lin & Zhang, 2020, Sec. V-B, Fig. 9) |
Xu & Zhang, 2021 · Table III 本方法 1 筆
指標Running time
資料集與序列own handheld indoor data · indoor fast shaking
表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Processing time for a LiDAR scan at 10 Hz in the handheld indoor large-rotation test; LOAM variants use FAST-LIO feature extraction; effective features: LOAM 1107, LOAM+IMU 1107, FAST-LIO 1430 (Xu & Zhang, 2021, Table III)
Running time,own handheld indoor data · indoor fast shaking
只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。
按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。
這些是 Xu & Zhang, 2021 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。
資料來源作者報告值(Xu & Zhang, 2021, Table III)
| 方法(原文寫法) | 報告值 | 出處 |
|---|---|---|
| LOAM (livox_mapping implementation [10])本方法硬體:DJI Manifold 2-C (1.8 GHz quad-core Intel i7-8550U, 8 GB RAM) | 59 ms | (Xu & Zhang, 2021, Table III) |
| LOAM+IMU (livox_horizon_loam, loosely coupled)硬體:DJI Manifold 2-C (1.8 GHz quad-core Intel i7-8550U, 8 GB RAM) | 44 ms | (Xu & Zhang, 2021, Table III) |
| FAST-LIO原文提出硬體:DJI Manifold 2-C (1.8 GHz quad-core Intel i7-8550U, 8 GB RAM) | 23 ms | (Xu & Zhang, 2021, Table III) |
Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025 · Table 3 本方法 1 筆
指標Result (run outcome)
資料集與序列Luleå SubT tunnel dataset (Koval et al. 2022)
表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Run outcome ('Result' column) of each reviewed LiDAR-based and combined method on the Luleå tunnel test dataset; '*' marks incompatible with VLP-16, '+' marks not integrated with ROS; some rows combine two methods (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
Result (run outcome),Luleå SubT tunnel dataset (Koval et al. 2022)
只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。
- 未執行
- 失敗
- 未報告(沒有數值,不是 0)
按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。
這些是 Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。
資料來源作者報告值(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
| 方法(原文寫法) | 報告值 | 出處 |
|---|---|---|
| LOAM and A-LOAM | 無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):success (row covers LOAM and A-LOAM; A-LOAM is the variant discussed in the results) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| LOAM-Livox本方法 | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with VLP-16) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| F-LOAM | 無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):success | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| LeGO-LOAM | 無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):success | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| ISC-LOAM | 無數值失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed (trajectory estimation) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| SC-LeGO-LOAM | 無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):success | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| Optimized-SC-F-LOAM | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with the testing dataset) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| PIN-SLAM | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (not integrated with ROS) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| M-LOAM | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with VLP-16) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| MULLS | 無數值失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed (trajectory estimation) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| LOL | 無數值失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed (trajectory estimation) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| SegMap | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (authors could not run the code) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| SuMa++ | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (authors could not run the code) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| SuMa | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (authors could not run the code) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| IMLS-SLAM | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (no publicly available repository) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| HDL-Graph-SLAM | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with VLP-16) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| LIOM | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (inconsistent repository) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| LIO-SAM | 無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):success | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| LINS | 無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):success | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| LiLi-OM | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with VLP-16) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| Fast-LIO 1 | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (repository no longer available) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| Fast-LIO 2 and SC-Fast-LIO 2 | 無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):success (row covers Fast-LIO 2 and its Scan Context variant) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| D-LIOM | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (inconsistent repository) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| Hand-held mobile mapping | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (not integrated with ROS) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| HectorGrapher | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (inconsistent repository) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| Cartographer | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (authors could not run the code) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| LOCUS and LOCUS 2 | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (authors could not run the code) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| CamVox | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with VLP-16) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| LVI-SAM | 無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):success | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| R2LIVE | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with VLP-16) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| R3LIVE | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with VLP-16) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| FAST-LIVO(s) | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with VLP-16) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| LIMO | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (authors could not run the code) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| DV-LOAM | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (inconsistent repository) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| DVL-SLAM | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (inconsistent repository) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| Multiverse Odometry | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (inconsistent repository) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
| Super Odometry | 無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (no publicly available repository) | (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3) |
來源
Lin & Zhang, 2020
(2020)Loam livox: A fast, robust, high-precision LiDAR odometry and mapping package for LiDARs of small FoV2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 3126-3131
DOI 10.1109/icra40945.2020.9197440arXiv 1909.06700程式碼
同儕審查已出版已讀全文近十年
相關版本
- 預印本:arXiv 1909.06700 https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.06700
- 程式碼釋出:hku-mars/loam_livox https://github.com/hku-mars/loam_livox
程式碼:https://github.com/hku-mars/loam_livox(授權:GPL-2.0 (LICENSE file))。有公開程式碼不等於已被重現,也不代表目前版本與論文版本相同。