Loam_livox adapts LOAM to small-FoV non-repetitive solid-state lidars through physics-based point selection, reflectivity edges, direct frame-to-map matching with outlier trimming, and piecewise sub-frame motion compensation.

技術屬性

欄位內容為文獻擷取紀錄的原文用語(英文),以原文為據;「未查證」表示本研究尚未讀到該資訊,不代表該方法不具備此能力。

Loam_livox 的技術屬性
感測輸入solid-state LiDAR (Livox Mid-40, 38.4 deg circular FoV, non-repetitive scan)
原文測試平台handheld
狀態估計iterative nonlinear least-squares pose optimization with 20% largest-residual trimming (Algorithm 1)
資料關聯point selection by FoV fringe, intensity, incidence angle and occlusion; LOAM-style smoothness features plus reflectivity-change edges; edge-to-edge and plane-to-plane residuals using 5 nearest map points with eigenvalue checks (Sec. III, IV-A, IV-B)
時間表示discrete frame poses; each frame split into three sub-frames (piecewise processing) or linear interpolation (Sec. IV-C)
去畸變piecewise processing (three sub-frames matched independently) or linear pose interpolation; piecewise preferred for jerky handheld motion (Sec. IV-C, V-A)
迴圈閉合none in this paper; a companion preprint (arXiv 1909.11811) and the repository README describe an added loop-closure module
全域最佳化none in this paper
地圖表示global maps of edge and planar features in memory; raw points saved to disk for possible offline processing (Fig. 5 caption)
先驗資訊none
可輸出幾何feature maps and 20 Hz odometry; raw points retained on disk (Fig. 5 caption)
計算需求Odometry and mapping both at 20 Hz; sub-frame matching and KD-tree building in parallel threads. Per-frame time: desktop PC i7-9700K (4.0-4.8 GHz) 35.68 ms, 17.24 ms with 3 threads; onboard DJI Manifold 2 (i7-8550U, 3.0-3.5 GHz) 54.60 ms, 32.54 ms with 3 threads (Sec. V-C, Table I)

使用設備

原文使用的感測器、運算硬體與載具(equipment)。型號保留原文寫法,連結到設備頁中同一型號的歸併名稱;角色依原文用途分為方法輸入、資料集感測器、執行運算平台、參考或真值量測(reference or ground truth)與比較對象設備。

原文使用的設備
類別型號(原文寫法)角色資料集原文規格出處
LiDARLivox MID40方法輸入未標示written 'Livox Mid-40' in Fig. 3; front-facing conical FoV of 38.4 deg; rosette-like non-repetitive scanning; 20 ms per frame (Fig. 4); point-selection thresholds stated for MID40 (deflection angle >= 17 deg removed, intensity limits 7e-3 and 1e-1, incidence angle limits 5 and 175 deg). Sec. V and the experiment figures do not name the LiDAR on the hand-held rig; MID40 is inferred from the method parameters(Lin & Zhang, 2020, Sec. I, III-A; Figs. 3-4)
GNSS 接收器GPS measurement參考或真值量測未標示start and end coordinates printed in Fig. 9; Sec. V-B compares odometry distance with the GPS measurement and the Fig. 9 caption says results were compared with Google maps to compute traveled distance; receiver not stated(Lin & Zhang, 2020, Sec. V-B, Fig. 9)
相機Camera on the hand-held device (model not stated)資料集感測器未標示shown on the hand-held rig; not used by the algorithm, which uses no IMU, GPS or camera(Lin & Zhang, 2020, Fig. 8d; Sec. I)
載具平台Hand-held device carrying LiDAR, camera and laptop方法輸入未標示used for data collection; motion described as jerky(Lin & Zhang, 2020, Fig. 8d; Sec. V-A)
運算硬體Desktop PC with Intel i7-9700K執行運算平台未標示4.0-4.8 GHz; 3 threads in parallel mode(Lin & Zhang, 2020, Sec. V-C, Table I)
運算硬體DJI Manifold 2 onboard computer (i7-8550U)執行運算平台未標示3.0-3.5 GHz; 3 threads in parallel mode(Lin & Zhang, 2020, Sec. V-C, Table I)
其他Motion capture system (model not stated)參考或真值量測未標示rotation reference; Euler angles compared(Lin & Zhang, 2020, Sec. V-B, Fig. 10)

作者報告的優勢與限制

優勢

限制

營建工程相關證據

原文未報告(論文展示校園樓梯、欄杆與大尺度校園建圖,但未在營建工地驗證;(推論)低成本固態 LiDAR 與手持運動模糊處理和工地手持掃描情境相關,需另行驗證)。

原文驗證環境:受控實驗、獨立參考量測

報告的性能數據

以下是原文作者報告的性能數值(author-reported results),不是本研究重新量測的結果。每張圖只並列同一個比較組(comparison group,同一張表、同一組實驗設定)內的方法;不同比較組之間的數值不可直接比較,也不構成排名。

本方法共出現在 4 個比較組,合計 9 筆紀錄。

Lin & Zhang, 2020 · Table I 本方法 4 筆

指標time consumption per frame

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Time consumption per frame; both methods use piecewise processing; parallel columns use 3 threads for registration (Lin & Zhang, 2020, Table I)

time consumption per frame,原文未報告 (data used for timing not stated) · Desktop PC @4.0-4.8 GHz

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Lin & Zhang, 2020 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:未對齊;單位:ms

資料來源作者報告值(Lin & Zhang, 2020, Table I)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
Ours (Loam_livox)本方法原文提出硬體:desktop PC, Intel i7-9700K35.68 ms(Lin & Zhang, 2020, Table I)
Baseline (A-LOAM)硬體:desktop PC, Intel i7-9700K109 ms(Lin & Zhang, 2020, Table I)

Lin & Zhang, 2020 · Text Sec. V-B 本方法 3 筆

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Odometry distance between two positions compared with distance from GPS coordinates on Google Maps (Lin & Zhang, 2020, Text Sec. V-B)

traveled-distance error against GPS (Google Maps) positions,author-collected Livox MID40 data · dataset 1 (outdoor, Fig. 9 upper)

這張表在此指標與資料序列只列出本方法一筆,沒有可並列的其他方法,因此不畫圖,數值與出處見下表。這是 Lin & Zhang, 2020 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:未對齊;單位:%;場景:outdoor

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
Loam_livox本方法原文提出0.41%(Lin & Zhang, 2020, Sec. V-B, Fig. 9)

Xu & Zhang, 2021 · Table III 本方法 1 筆

指標Running time

資料集與序列own handheld indoor data · indoor fast shaking

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Processing time for a LiDAR scan at 10 Hz in the handheld indoor large-rotation test; LOAM variants use FAST-LIO feature extraction; effective features: LOAM 1107, LOAM+IMU 1107, FAST-LIO 1430 (Xu & Zhang, 2021, Table III)

Running time,own handheld indoor data · indoor fast shaking

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Xu & Zhang, 2021 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:不適用;單位:ms;場景:indoor, handheld, angular velocity often above 100 deg/s

資料來源作者報告值(Xu & Zhang, 2021, Table III)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
LOAM (livox_mapping implementation [10])本方法硬體:DJI Manifold 2-C (1.8 GHz quad-core Intel i7-8550U, 8 GB RAM)59 ms(Xu & Zhang, 2021, Table III)
LOAM+IMU (livox_horizon_loam, loosely coupled)硬體:DJI Manifold 2-C (1.8 GHz quad-core Intel i7-8550U, 8 GB RAM)44 ms(Xu & Zhang, 2021, Table III)
FAST-LIO原文提出硬體:DJI Manifold 2-C (1.8 GHz quad-core Intel i7-8550U, 8 GB RAM)23 ms(Xu & Zhang, 2021, Table III)

Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025 · Table 3 本方法 1 筆

指標Result (run outcome)

資料集與序列Luleå SubT tunnel dataset (Koval et al. 2022)

表格設定(擷取紀錄原文):Run outcome ('Result' column) of each reviewed LiDAR-based and combined method on the Luleå tunnel test dataset; '*' marks incompatible with VLP-16, '+' marks not integrated with ROS; some rows combine two methods (Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)

Result (run outcome),Luleå SubT tunnel dataset (Koval et al. 2022)

只並列這張表在相同設定下報告的方法;以「本方法:」開頭者為本頁方法。失敗、未執行與未報告以標記呈現,不是 0。

  • 未執行
  • 失敗
  • 未報告(沒有數值,不是 0)

按 Tab 進入圖表後,用上下方向鍵逐一瀏覽各類別,Esc 關閉提示框;也可開啟表格檢視閱讀全部數值。

這些是 Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025 在此表設定下報告的數值(author-reported results),只能在同一個比較組內對照,不代表方法在其他資料或設定下的表現。

統計量:原文未報告;對齊方式:未對齊;單位:無單位;場景:underground tunnel

資料來源作者報告值(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)

數值與出處
方法(原文寫法)報告值出處
LOAM and A-LOAM無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):success (row covers LOAM and A-LOAM; A-LOAM is the variant discussed in the results)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
LOAM-Livox本方法無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with VLP-16)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
F-LOAM無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):success(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
LeGO-LOAM無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):success(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
ISC-LOAM無數值失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed (trajectory estimation)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
SC-LeGO-LOAM無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):success(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
Optimized-SC-F-LOAM無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with the testing dataset)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
PIN-SLAM無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (not integrated with ROS)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
M-LOAM無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with VLP-16)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
MULLS無數值失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed (trajectory estimation)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
LOL無數值失敗註記(擷取紀錄):failed (trajectory estimation)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
SegMap無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (authors could not run the code)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
SuMa++無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (authors could not run the code)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
SuMa無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (authors could not run the code)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
IMLS-SLAM無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (no publicly available repository)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
HDL-Graph-SLAM無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with VLP-16)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
LIOM無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (inconsistent repository)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
LIO-SAM無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):success(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
LINS無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):success(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
LiLi-OM無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with VLP-16)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
Fast-LIO 1無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (repository no longer available)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
Fast-LIO 2 and SC-Fast-LIO 2無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):success (row covers Fast-LIO 2 and its Scan Context variant)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
D-LIOM無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (inconsistent repository)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
Hand-held mobile mapping無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (not integrated with ROS)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
HectorGrapher無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (inconsistent repository)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
Cartographer無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (authors could not run the code)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
LOCUS and LOCUS 2無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (authors could not run the code)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
CamVox無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with VLP-16)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
LVI-SAM無數值未報告註記(擷取紀錄):success(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
R2LIVE無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with VLP-16)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
R3LIVE無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with VLP-16)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
FAST-LIVO(s)無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (incompatible with VLP-16)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
LIMO無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (authors could not run the code)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
DV-LOAM無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (inconsistent repository)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
DVL-SLAM無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (inconsistent repository)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
Multiverse Odometry無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (inconsistent repository)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)
Super Odometry無數值未執行註記(擷取紀錄):未執行 (no publicly available repository)(Ghadimzadeh Alamdari et al., 2025, Table 3)

來源

  • Lin & Zhang, 2020

    Jiarong Lin, Fu Zhang(2020)Loam livox: A fast, robust, high-precision LiDAR odometry and mapping package for LiDARs of small FoV2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 3126-3131

    同儕審查已出版已讀全文近十年

回到方法圖鑑

選擇開啟Esc關閉